FNDH 400 FINAL [2026] | Question and Answer |
UPDATED ACTUAL | A+ VERIFIED ANSWERS AND FINAL
REVIEW
• PKU -✓✓ ANSWER: In individuals with PKU, phenylalanine can't be converted to
tyrosine because of the mutation in phenylalanine hydroxylase. So tyrosine is
conditionally essential
• DIASS V PCDAAS -✓✓ ANSWER: PDCAAS uses total digestibility, a single
reference pattern, and is truncated
• AAS V PDCAAS -✓✓ ANSWER: PDCAAS also takes into account protein
digestibility
• sucrose v high fructose corn syrup -✓✓ ANSWER: The fructose in sucrose is
bonded to glucose, so it will result in the same free fructose available for uptake
as HFCS where fructose is free already.
• linoleic acid v. alpha-linoleic acid -✓✓ ANSWER: Eicosanoid production from
linoleic acid elongated fatty acids are more inflammatory than those produced
from alpha-linoleic acid elongated fatty acids
• sugar alcohols (polyols) -✓✓ ANSWER: Sugar alcohols are a good option for
chewing gum because they are not readily fermented by bacteria in the mouth,
decreasing acid production and thus decreasing cavity formation.
,• Beano -✓✓ ANSWER: Beano contains an enzyme that cleaves the alpha 1-6
bonds in oligosaccharides thereby decreasing the fermentation by the microbiota
in the colon decreasing gas production that can lead to flatulence
• Bile -✓✓ ANSWER: Bile is synthesized by the liver and concentrated in the
gallbladder and helps emulsify lipids.
• 6 fructoses and 1 glucose -✓✓ ANSWER: This compound is selectively
fermented by beneficial colon bacteria and is both an oligosaccharide and a
prebiotic.
• Galactose -✓✓ ANSWER: Galactose is seldom found in nature alone, and is
beta-bonded to glucose in lactose.
• Name the only macronutrient that is digested to any great extent in the mouth
and the enzyme responsible for this action -✓✓ ANSWER: Carbohydrates -
salivary amylase
• Which type of fiber survives digestion and is excreted as a part of feces? -✓✓
ANSWER: nonfermentable, non viscous fiber
• Name the components of pancreatic juice -✓✓ ANSWER: Bicarbonate, and
Digestive enzymes
• Gastric juice improperly moving back up into the esophagus results in what
condition? -✓✓ ANSWER: Heartburn and/or gastroesophageal reflux disease
, • Name the 2 alternative sweeteners that are derived from natural sources (not
artificial or synthesized) -✓✓ ANSWER: Stevia and Luo Han Guo (monkfruit)
extract
• Complete proteins -✓✓ ANSWER: an amino acid score above 100, cannot have
limiting amino acids
• Complementary proteins -✓✓ ANSWER: both must have different limiting
amino acids.
• Alternative sweetener that is a concern for those with PKU -✓✓ ANSWER:
Aspartame - Aspartame is broken down into phenylalanine, which is an amino
acid that those with PKU should limit. They cannot metabolize it. Can lead to
adverse effects if consumed at too high levels.
• Differences between glycogen, oligosaccharides, and cellulose (main type of
fiber) -✓✓ ANSWER: Glycogen chains are alpha 1-4 bonds with alpha 1-6 bond
branch points. Oligosaccharides contain alpha 1-6 bonds.
Cellulose contains beta bonds.
• Digestion process in the stomach and which macronutrients are not digested to
any great extent. -✓✓ ANSWER: Gastrin stimulates the release of pepsinogen,
gastric lipase, and HCl. HCl activates pepsinogen to pepsin, which digests protein.
Gastric lipase cleaves triglycerides. Mucus is secreted to protect the stomach itself
from the acidic environment and the digestive enzymes. Carbohydrates are not
digested to any great extent in the stomach.
UPDATED ACTUAL | A+ VERIFIED ANSWERS AND FINAL
REVIEW
• PKU -✓✓ ANSWER: In individuals with PKU, phenylalanine can't be converted to
tyrosine because of the mutation in phenylalanine hydroxylase. So tyrosine is
conditionally essential
• DIASS V PCDAAS -✓✓ ANSWER: PDCAAS uses total digestibility, a single
reference pattern, and is truncated
• AAS V PDCAAS -✓✓ ANSWER: PDCAAS also takes into account protein
digestibility
• sucrose v high fructose corn syrup -✓✓ ANSWER: The fructose in sucrose is
bonded to glucose, so it will result in the same free fructose available for uptake
as HFCS where fructose is free already.
• linoleic acid v. alpha-linoleic acid -✓✓ ANSWER: Eicosanoid production from
linoleic acid elongated fatty acids are more inflammatory than those produced
from alpha-linoleic acid elongated fatty acids
• sugar alcohols (polyols) -✓✓ ANSWER: Sugar alcohols are a good option for
chewing gum because they are not readily fermented by bacteria in the mouth,
decreasing acid production and thus decreasing cavity formation.
,• Beano -✓✓ ANSWER: Beano contains an enzyme that cleaves the alpha 1-6
bonds in oligosaccharides thereby decreasing the fermentation by the microbiota
in the colon decreasing gas production that can lead to flatulence
• Bile -✓✓ ANSWER: Bile is synthesized by the liver and concentrated in the
gallbladder and helps emulsify lipids.
• 6 fructoses and 1 glucose -✓✓ ANSWER: This compound is selectively
fermented by beneficial colon bacteria and is both an oligosaccharide and a
prebiotic.
• Galactose -✓✓ ANSWER: Galactose is seldom found in nature alone, and is
beta-bonded to glucose in lactose.
• Name the only macronutrient that is digested to any great extent in the mouth
and the enzyme responsible for this action -✓✓ ANSWER: Carbohydrates -
salivary amylase
• Which type of fiber survives digestion and is excreted as a part of feces? -✓✓
ANSWER: nonfermentable, non viscous fiber
• Name the components of pancreatic juice -✓✓ ANSWER: Bicarbonate, and
Digestive enzymes
• Gastric juice improperly moving back up into the esophagus results in what
condition? -✓✓ ANSWER: Heartburn and/or gastroesophageal reflux disease
, • Name the 2 alternative sweeteners that are derived from natural sources (not
artificial or synthesized) -✓✓ ANSWER: Stevia and Luo Han Guo (monkfruit)
extract
• Complete proteins -✓✓ ANSWER: an amino acid score above 100, cannot have
limiting amino acids
• Complementary proteins -✓✓ ANSWER: both must have different limiting
amino acids.
• Alternative sweetener that is a concern for those with PKU -✓✓ ANSWER:
Aspartame - Aspartame is broken down into phenylalanine, which is an amino
acid that those with PKU should limit. They cannot metabolize it. Can lead to
adverse effects if consumed at too high levels.
• Differences between glycogen, oligosaccharides, and cellulose (main type of
fiber) -✓✓ ANSWER: Glycogen chains are alpha 1-4 bonds with alpha 1-6 bond
branch points. Oligosaccharides contain alpha 1-6 bonds.
Cellulose contains beta bonds.
• Digestion process in the stomach and which macronutrients are not digested to
any great extent. -✓✓ ANSWER: Gastrin stimulates the release of pepsinogen,
gastric lipase, and HCl. HCl activates pepsinogen to pepsin, which digests protein.
Gastric lipase cleaves triglycerides. Mucus is secreted to protect the stomach itself
from the acidic environment and the digestive enzymes. Carbohydrates are not
digested to any great extent in the stomach.
