BACE Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams Includes Frequently Tested
Questions With ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
LB agar ingredients tryptone, yeast extract, sodium chloride (NaCl)
bacterial DNA replication that copies a specific sequence
of DNA (the target sequence) so that it is amplified. The
PCR general definition
target sequence is replicated again and again to make
millions or billions of copies.
separates molecules based on their aflnity, or attraction,
for a specific binding partner, the ligand, which is just
a molecule in the beads that catch the desired protein.
Aflnity chromatography
Aflnity
chromatography is often used to purify a single protein,
such as a manufactured protein, from a mixture.
Because of the protein's charge. When the pH drops, it
forces the chemical groups on both molecules to gain
How come in aflnity chromatography the proteins are
protons (H+ ions). This protonation causes the tightly in-
released from the column when the pH is lowered?
terlocking molecular puzzle pieces to suddenly repel each
other, breaking the bond. [1, 2]
uses reverse transcriptase to convert mRNA into comple-
mentary DNA (cDNA) at about 42°C. The cDNA then be-
comes the template for a normal PCR reaction. RT-PCR is
Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)
mainly used to measure gene expression and to detect
RNA viruses, since RNA must be converted to DNA before
amplification.
PCR that amplifies several ditterent DNA target sequences
in one reaction tube at the same time. Instead of using
Multiplex PCR one primer pair like standard PCR, it uses multiple sets
of primers, with each pair designed to amplify a ditterent
DNA region.
Denaturation - The DNA is heated (about 94°C) so the
double-stranded DNA separates into single strands.
Annealing - The reaction is cooled (about 50-60°C) so
, BACE Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams Includes Frequently Tested
Questions With ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
primers can bind to their matching sequences on the
single-stranded DNA.
PCR steps and functions
Extension - DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the
primers at about 72°C, creating new DNA strands.
How to find the ettective concentration
High concentrations so that the single enzyme linked
Is it good for direct ELIZAs to be on high or low concen-
monoclonal antibody can give out a strong enough signal
trations and why?
for the plate to detect
PCR method that measures the amount of DNA during
each cycle by detecting fluorescence. As new DNA is made,
real-time, or quantitative, PCR (qPCR) fluorescent dyes (like SYBR Green) bind to double-strand-
ed DNA, and the increase in fluorescence reveals how
much DNA was originally in the sample.
two-round PCR method used to increase specificity. The
first PCR amplifies a broad target region, and then a sec-
ond PCR uses a new set of "nested" primers that bind in-
Nested PCR side the first PCR product. Because these inner primers are
unlikely to bind to any incorrect or nonspecific products,
the second round greatly reduces unwanted amplification
and ensures the final product is highly specific.
What kind of solution lysis opens a bacteria cell to extract an alkaline sol ution (pH 12-12.5) containing NaOH, SDS,
a plasmid and EDTA
Temperature for the denaturing step in PCR 94-98 degrees Celsius
Temperature for annealing step in PCR 55-65 degrees Celsius
Temperature for the extension step of PCR 72 degrees Celsius
What kind of salt would you use to lyse open a cell? CaCl2
Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to
True
perform a specific function.
, BACE Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams Includes Frequently Tested
Questions With ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
oxygenation - helping oxygen mix into the liquid, which
What is the purpose of shaking bacterial culture tubes?
many bacteria need to grow well.
What should be include in your chemical sample spill kit? Sand
enzyme that produces a visible color or light signal when
it reacts with its substrate. It's often attached to antibodies
Horseradish peroxidase in techniques like ELISA or Western blotting, allowing re-
searchers to detect specific proteins through the enzyme's
color-producing reaction.
Solute the substance that gets dissolved in a solution.
Solvent the substance that does the dissolving in a solution.
A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell.
Hypertonic solution
Water moves out of the cell, causing the cell to shrink.
A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell.
Hypotonic solution
Water moves into the cell, causing the cell to swell.
Genetically modified T-cells harvested from a patient that
are engineered to latch onto a specific protein on the
CAR-T cells (chimeric antigen receptor)
cancer cell, making it impossible for the cancer cell to hide
from the immune system's defense.
Sterilization The process of destroying all microbes
lab-made identical proteins engineered to attack one spe-
Monoclonal antibodies
cific protein
enclosed, ventilated laboratory workspace designed to
protect the user, the sample, and the environment from
hazardous biological agents. They use HEPA filters to re-
Biological Safety Cabinet (BSC)
move 99.97% of particles. It keeps aerosols inside the
cabinet though airflow that comes from the front of the
cabinet.
, Unlike a BSC, the air flows towards the user and otters no
Laminar Flow Hood protection to the user or the environment. IT only protects
the product from being contaminated.
uses degenerate primers, which are sets of primers that
ditter at a few bases to account for unknown or variable
DNA sequences. This allows PCR to work even when the
Degenerate PCR (dPCR) exact target sequence isn't fully known or when amplifying
similar genes from ditterent species. Using these mixed
primers increases the chance of successful amplification
without designing many separate primers.
Carbohydrates CHO (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen)
Lipids CHO (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen)
Proteins CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen)
CHONP (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phospho-
Nucleic acids
rus)
What is the first step in purification? Lysis
pH electrode should be left dry, unwetted, and rinse with False (Instead, rinse with dH2O and store with the cap
tap water. filled with storage solution, not water)
Clean microscopes lenses with regular cotton cloths and False (Use lens paper or lens wipes specifically made for
paper. optical lenses.)
Plasmid Short, circular, double-stranded DNA.
Who invented PCR and when? Kary Mullis in 1983
With primers, which are short single strands of DNA that
In PCR, how is the desired sequence targeted?
anneal to the end of a target sequence.
Forward primer Anneals at the beginning of the targeted DNA
Reverse primer Designed to bind at the end of a target sequence
Template DNA for PCR Genomic DNA or complementary DNA (plasmid DNA)
Master mix
Questions With ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
LB agar ingredients tryptone, yeast extract, sodium chloride (NaCl)
bacterial DNA replication that copies a specific sequence
of DNA (the target sequence) so that it is amplified. The
PCR general definition
target sequence is replicated again and again to make
millions or billions of copies.
separates molecules based on their aflnity, or attraction,
for a specific binding partner, the ligand, which is just
a molecule in the beads that catch the desired protein.
Aflnity chromatography
Aflnity
chromatography is often used to purify a single protein,
such as a manufactured protein, from a mixture.
Because of the protein's charge. When the pH drops, it
forces the chemical groups on both molecules to gain
How come in aflnity chromatography the proteins are
protons (H+ ions). This protonation causes the tightly in-
released from the column when the pH is lowered?
terlocking molecular puzzle pieces to suddenly repel each
other, breaking the bond. [1, 2]
uses reverse transcriptase to convert mRNA into comple-
mentary DNA (cDNA) at about 42°C. The cDNA then be-
comes the template for a normal PCR reaction. RT-PCR is
Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)
mainly used to measure gene expression and to detect
RNA viruses, since RNA must be converted to DNA before
amplification.
PCR that amplifies several ditterent DNA target sequences
in one reaction tube at the same time. Instead of using
Multiplex PCR one primer pair like standard PCR, it uses multiple sets
of primers, with each pair designed to amplify a ditterent
DNA region.
Denaturation - The DNA is heated (about 94°C) so the
double-stranded DNA separates into single strands.
Annealing - The reaction is cooled (about 50-60°C) so
, BACE Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams Includes Frequently Tested
Questions With ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
primers can bind to their matching sequences on the
single-stranded DNA.
PCR steps and functions
Extension - DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the
primers at about 72°C, creating new DNA strands.
How to find the ettective concentration
High concentrations so that the single enzyme linked
Is it good for direct ELIZAs to be on high or low concen-
monoclonal antibody can give out a strong enough signal
trations and why?
for the plate to detect
PCR method that measures the amount of DNA during
each cycle by detecting fluorescence. As new DNA is made,
real-time, or quantitative, PCR (qPCR) fluorescent dyes (like SYBR Green) bind to double-strand-
ed DNA, and the increase in fluorescence reveals how
much DNA was originally in the sample.
two-round PCR method used to increase specificity. The
first PCR amplifies a broad target region, and then a sec-
ond PCR uses a new set of "nested" primers that bind in-
Nested PCR side the first PCR product. Because these inner primers are
unlikely to bind to any incorrect or nonspecific products,
the second round greatly reduces unwanted amplification
and ensures the final product is highly specific.
What kind of solution lysis opens a bacteria cell to extract an alkaline sol ution (pH 12-12.5) containing NaOH, SDS,
a plasmid and EDTA
Temperature for the denaturing step in PCR 94-98 degrees Celsius
Temperature for annealing step in PCR 55-65 degrees Celsius
Temperature for the extension step of PCR 72 degrees Celsius
What kind of salt would you use to lyse open a cell? CaCl2
Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to
True
perform a specific function.
, BACE Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams Includes Frequently Tested
Questions With ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
oxygenation - helping oxygen mix into the liquid, which
What is the purpose of shaking bacterial culture tubes?
many bacteria need to grow well.
What should be include in your chemical sample spill kit? Sand
enzyme that produces a visible color or light signal when
it reacts with its substrate. It's often attached to antibodies
Horseradish peroxidase in techniques like ELISA or Western blotting, allowing re-
searchers to detect specific proteins through the enzyme's
color-producing reaction.
Solute the substance that gets dissolved in a solution.
Solvent the substance that does the dissolving in a solution.
A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell.
Hypertonic solution
Water moves out of the cell, causing the cell to shrink.
A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell.
Hypotonic solution
Water moves into the cell, causing the cell to swell.
Genetically modified T-cells harvested from a patient that
are engineered to latch onto a specific protein on the
CAR-T cells (chimeric antigen receptor)
cancer cell, making it impossible for the cancer cell to hide
from the immune system's defense.
Sterilization The process of destroying all microbes
lab-made identical proteins engineered to attack one spe-
Monoclonal antibodies
cific protein
enclosed, ventilated laboratory workspace designed to
protect the user, the sample, and the environment from
hazardous biological agents. They use HEPA filters to re-
Biological Safety Cabinet (BSC)
move 99.97% of particles. It keeps aerosols inside the
cabinet though airflow that comes from the front of the
cabinet.
, Unlike a BSC, the air flows towards the user and otters no
Laminar Flow Hood protection to the user or the environment. IT only protects
the product from being contaminated.
uses degenerate primers, which are sets of primers that
ditter at a few bases to account for unknown or variable
DNA sequences. This allows PCR to work even when the
Degenerate PCR (dPCR) exact target sequence isn't fully known or when amplifying
similar genes from ditterent species. Using these mixed
primers increases the chance of successful amplification
without designing many separate primers.
Carbohydrates CHO (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen)
Lipids CHO (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen)
Proteins CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen)
CHONP (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phospho-
Nucleic acids
rus)
What is the first step in purification? Lysis
pH electrode should be left dry, unwetted, and rinse with False (Instead, rinse with dH2O and store with the cap
tap water. filled with storage solution, not water)
Clean microscopes lenses with regular cotton cloths and False (Use lens paper or lens wipes specifically made for
paper. optical lenses.)
Plasmid Short, circular, double-stranded DNA.
Who invented PCR and when? Kary Mullis in 1983
With primers, which are short single strands of DNA that
In PCR, how is the desired sequence targeted?
anneal to the end of a target sequence.
Forward primer Anneals at the beginning of the targeted DNA
Reverse primer Designed to bind at the end of a target sequence
Template DNA for PCR Genomic DNA or complementary DNA (plasmid DNA)
Master mix
