NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm Review – Comprehensive
Practice Questions and Exam
Preparation Guide.
Glomerulonephritis The glomerular-capillaries can trap blood-borne Ab & Ag-
Ab complexes
- Causes: PRIMARY: infection, drugs, toxins, vascular
disorders, ischemia, immunologic responses, free radicals.
SECONDARY: DM, CHF, HIV, Lupus
Triggering event (infection)- Ag-Ab complex formation &
deposition in glomerulus- Activation of complement system &
WBC infiltration- Glomerular injury &
leakage-Proteinuria/hematuria- edema, increase creat,
azotemia, oliguria
OR
after glomerular injury & leakage- Coagulation cascade
activation & FIbrin deposition- Decreased capillary perfusion-
decreased GFR- edema, increase creat, azotemia, oliguria
S1 -Closing of mitral and tricuspid valve
- Beginning of systole
, S2 - Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valve
- End of systole
Valvular stenosis the valve orifice is constricted and narrowed, impeding the
forward flow of blood and increasing the workload of
the cardiac chamber proximal to the diseased valve.
Intraventricular or atrial pressure increases in the chamber to
overcome resistance to flow through the valve. Increased
pressure causes the myocardium to work harder, causing
myocardial hypertrophy.
Aortic stenosis - LV hypertrophy
- L heart failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Exertional dyspnea
-Syncope
-Angina pectoris
- Systolic murmur
Mitral Stenosis - LA hypertrophy
-R ventricular failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Orthopnea
- Respiratory infections
- PH
-Edema
-Atypical chest pain
- Diastolic murmur
Stroke volume The volume of blood ejected per bear during systole
Cor Pulmonale right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due
to pulmonary hypertension
Cardiac output HR x SV
-Normal= 5Lpm
-Preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate
Preload The volume inside the ventricle at the end of diastole
Determined by:
- Amount of venous blood returning to the ventricle during
diastole
- The amount of blood in the ventricle after systole
Afterload The resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
Midterm Review – Comprehensive
Practice Questions and Exam
Preparation Guide.
Glomerulonephritis The glomerular-capillaries can trap blood-borne Ab & Ag-
Ab complexes
- Causes: PRIMARY: infection, drugs, toxins, vascular
disorders, ischemia, immunologic responses, free radicals.
SECONDARY: DM, CHF, HIV, Lupus
Triggering event (infection)- Ag-Ab complex formation &
deposition in glomerulus- Activation of complement system &
WBC infiltration- Glomerular injury &
leakage-Proteinuria/hematuria- edema, increase creat,
azotemia, oliguria
OR
after glomerular injury & leakage- Coagulation cascade
activation & FIbrin deposition- Decreased capillary perfusion-
decreased GFR- edema, increase creat, azotemia, oliguria
S1 -Closing of mitral and tricuspid valve
- Beginning of systole
, S2 - Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valve
- End of systole
Valvular stenosis the valve orifice is constricted and narrowed, impeding the
forward flow of blood and increasing the workload of
the cardiac chamber proximal to the diseased valve.
Intraventricular or atrial pressure increases in the chamber to
overcome resistance to flow through the valve. Increased
pressure causes the myocardium to work harder, causing
myocardial hypertrophy.
Aortic stenosis - LV hypertrophy
- L heart failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Exertional dyspnea
-Syncope
-Angina pectoris
- Systolic murmur
Mitral Stenosis - LA hypertrophy
-R ventricular failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Orthopnea
- Respiratory infections
- PH
-Edema
-Atypical chest pain
- Diastolic murmur
Stroke volume The volume of blood ejected per bear during systole
Cor Pulmonale right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due
to pulmonary hypertension
Cardiac output HR x SV
-Normal= 5Lpm
-Preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate
Preload The volume inside the ventricle at the end of diastole
Determined by:
- Amount of venous blood returning to the ventricle during
diastole
- The amount of blood in the ventricle after systole
Afterload The resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
