Advanced Pharmacology Exam 1 –
Comprehensive Practice Questions,
Medication Review, and Exam
Preparation Guide
Pharmacogenetics Study of how genetic makeup affects response to
drugs (identifying genes that account for varying
drug reactions in different people)
Most common DNA variation are single nucleotide
polymorphisms
Most focused on genes encoding:
-metabolic enzymes --> alter a drug's activity
-defective structural proteins --> increased
susceptibility to disease
Pharmacology Science that deals with the origin, nature,
chemistry, effects, and uses of drugs; the
characteristics or properties of a drug, especially
those that make it medically effective
, Pharmacokinetics Relationship between the dose and the
concentration of that drug in body fluids and
tissues over time
"what the body does with drug" --> study of the time
course of a drug
-Absorption
-Distribution
-Metabolism/biotransformation
-Excretion/elimination
Pharmacodynamics The relationship between drug concentration at the
site of action and the resulting effect --> "what the
drug does to the body/result you see in the pt at a
predefined dosage regimen"
Pharmacological effect is due to the alteration of an
intrinsic physiologic process and not the creation of a
new process.
Looks at mechanism of drug action, efficacy, and
safety profile.
-Receptor interaction
-Signal transduction
-Physiologic effect
-Pt's functional status
Important Drug Characteristics -Effectiveness*
-Safety*
-Selectivity --> don't want the drug to do more than it has
to
Movement of Drugs Across Membranes Drugs pass through cells via:
-Channels and pores --> small so only only small
compounds can move this way (Na, K, etc)
-Transport systems --> carriers that move drugs from
one side to the other, often selective (depends on
drug structure), some require energy
-Direct penetration of the membrane --> must be lipid
soluble (lipophilic) e.g., transdermals
*NOTE: drugs can exist in charged or uncharged
forms, ions are unable to travel across membranes -
only neutral molecules will travel through
membranes!
Clinical Pharmacokinetics Application of pharmacokinetic principles to the
safe and effective therapeutic management of
drugs in an individual patient --> what dose to
give how often, etc.
Enteral Administration tongue --> down
oral, rectal, sublingual, buccal
Comprehensive Practice Questions,
Medication Review, and Exam
Preparation Guide
Pharmacogenetics Study of how genetic makeup affects response to
drugs (identifying genes that account for varying
drug reactions in different people)
Most common DNA variation are single nucleotide
polymorphisms
Most focused on genes encoding:
-metabolic enzymes --> alter a drug's activity
-defective structural proteins --> increased
susceptibility to disease
Pharmacology Science that deals with the origin, nature,
chemistry, effects, and uses of drugs; the
characteristics or properties of a drug, especially
those that make it medically effective
, Pharmacokinetics Relationship between the dose and the
concentration of that drug in body fluids and
tissues over time
"what the body does with drug" --> study of the time
course of a drug
-Absorption
-Distribution
-Metabolism/biotransformation
-Excretion/elimination
Pharmacodynamics The relationship between drug concentration at the
site of action and the resulting effect --> "what the
drug does to the body/result you see in the pt at a
predefined dosage regimen"
Pharmacological effect is due to the alteration of an
intrinsic physiologic process and not the creation of a
new process.
Looks at mechanism of drug action, efficacy, and
safety profile.
-Receptor interaction
-Signal transduction
-Physiologic effect
-Pt's functional status
Important Drug Characteristics -Effectiveness*
-Safety*
-Selectivity --> don't want the drug to do more than it has
to
Movement of Drugs Across Membranes Drugs pass through cells via:
-Channels and pores --> small so only only small
compounds can move this way (Na, K, etc)
-Transport systems --> carriers that move drugs from
one side to the other, often selective (depends on
drug structure), some require energy
-Direct penetration of the membrane --> must be lipid
soluble (lipophilic) e.g., transdermals
*NOTE: drugs can exist in charged or uncharged
forms, ions are unable to travel across membranes -
only neutral molecules will travel through
membranes!
Clinical Pharmacokinetics Application of pharmacokinetic principles to the
safe and effective therapeutic management of
drugs in an individual patient --> what dose to
give how often, etc.
Enteral Administration tongue --> down
oral, rectal, sublingual, buccal
