Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 –
Comprehensive Practice Questions and
Study Guide
A 60 year-old man has presented to a clinic -"Tumor markers alone aren't enough to confirm whether
and is requesting screening for tumor you have cancer or not, so they're not a very useful
markers after reading about them in a screening tool."
magazine. What can the clinician most
accurately tell the man about the clinical
use of tumor markers?
-"Tumor markers are a very useful screening
tool, but they only exist for a very few
types of cancer."
-"Tests for the presence of tumor markers
are limited by the fact that they are only
accurate in the very early stages of cancer."
-"Tumor markers are an excellent screening
tool, but it's only practical to test for
those cancers that you're at risk of."
-"Tumor markers alone aren't enough to
confirm whether you have cancer or not, so
they're not a very useful screening tool."
Which target of both chemotherapy and Rapidly proliferating cells
radiation treatment accounts for adverse
as well as therapeutic effects?
-Cell-surface receptors
-Circulating hormone levels
-Blood vessels
-Rapidly proliferating cells
A 41-year-old female with a family history of -A tumor is undetectable until it has doubled 30 times and
breast cancer has had a baseline contains at least 1 billion cells.
mammogram. She states that she performs
monthly self-breast exams but really has a
hard time evaluating her lumps since she
has numerous cysts. At her annual
mammogram, the technician views a
suspicious area and refers her to the
radiologist. She asks the
nurse in the office, "How can a lump appear
so quickly?" The nurse's response is
based on which of the following
principles?
-A tumor is undetectable until it has
doubled 30 times and contains at least 1
billion cells.
-Many tumor cells never leave the M-phase
of the cell cycle.
-Cancer cells are undifferentiated and come
in various shapes and sizes.
-If the breast has a lot of cysts, then the fluid
,within those sacs makes it difficult to feel the
hard lumps of a cancer.
,A 77-year-old male client with a diagnosis of -The portal circulatory system brings venous blood
from the stomach cancer has been found to have GI tract into the liver.
metastases in his liver. The client and his
family are surprised at this turn of
events, stating that they do not see how
he could
have developed cancer in his liver. Which
of the following facts would underlie the
reply that the care team provides?
-The parenchymal tissue of the liver is
particularly susceptible to secondary
malignancies.
-The portal circulatory system brings venous
blood from the GI tract into the liver.
-Hepatic stromal tissue shares
characteristics with cancerous cells,
including lack of anchorage dependence.
-The proximity of the liver to the stomach
allows for direct spread of cancerous cells
due to a lack of contact inhibition.
A 61-year-old male client is scheduled to -Antiemetics and packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusions
begin chemotherapy for the treatment of his
bone cancer shortly. Staff at the cancer
center have educated the man and his wife
about the goals, course, and expectations
of his treatment. Which of the following
medications and treatments might the man
anticipate needing during and after his
course of treatment?
-Analgesia and corticosteroids
-Antiemetics and packed red blood cell
(PRBC) transfusions
-Whole blood transfusion and antiplatelet
aggregators
-Diuretics and selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs)
, As part of a screening program for prostate -All of the men who had high PSA levels developed
prostate cancer, men at a senior citizen's center are cancer; several men who had low PSA levels also
developed having their blood levels of prostate- prostate cancer.
specific antigen (PSA) measured. Which of
the following statements would best
characterize high positive predictive value
but low negative predictive value for this
screening test?
-All of the men who had high PSA levels
developed prostate cancer; several men
who had low PSA levels also
developed prostate cancer.
-All of the men who had low PSA levels
were cancer-free; several men who had high
levels also remained free of prostate cancer.
-Men who had low PSA levels also
displayed false positive results for prostate
cancer; men with high levels were often
falsely diagnosed with prostate cancer.
-The test displayed low sensitivity but high
specificity.
A patient has been diagnosed with a -Dysregulated apoptosis has caused an excessive rate of
neurodegenerative disease called multiple programmed cell death along the neuro-pathways.
sclerosis (MS). The physician explains to the
patient that this disease may be caused by
dysregulated apoptosis. Later that day, the
patient asks the nurse what this means. The
NP should reply:
-The cells around your nerves don't know
how to die correctly.
-The cytoplasm should neutralize the
various apoptotic inhibitors but isn't
working correctly.
-Dysregulated apoptosis has caused an
excessive rate of programmed cell death
along the neuro-pathways.
-There is an inappropriately low rate of
apoptosis occurring within the cells.
Comprehensive Practice Questions and
Study Guide
A 60 year-old man has presented to a clinic -"Tumor markers alone aren't enough to confirm whether
and is requesting screening for tumor you have cancer or not, so they're not a very useful
markers after reading about them in a screening tool."
magazine. What can the clinician most
accurately tell the man about the clinical
use of tumor markers?
-"Tumor markers are a very useful screening
tool, but they only exist for a very few
types of cancer."
-"Tests for the presence of tumor markers
are limited by the fact that they are only
accurate in the very early stages of cancer."
-"Tumor markers are an excellent screening
tool, but it's only practical to test for
those cancers that you're at risk of."
-"Tumor markers alone aren't enough to
confirm whether you have cancer or not, so
they're not a very useful screening tool."
Which target of both chemotherapy and Rapidly proliferating cells
radiation treatment accounts for adverse
as well as therapeutic effects?
-Cell-surface receptors
-Circulating hormone levels
-Blood vessels
-Rapidly proliferating cells
A 41-year-old female with a family history of -A tumor is undetectable until it has doubled 30 times and
breast cancer has had a baseline contains at least 1 billion cells.
mammogram. She states that she performs
monthly self-breast exams but really has a
hard time evaluating her lumps since she
has numerous cysts. At her annual
mammogram, the technician views a
suspicious area and refers her to the
radiologist. She asks the
nurse in the office, "How can a lump appear
so quickly?" The nurse's response is
based on which of the following
principles?
-A tumor is undetectable until it has
doubled 30 times and contains at least 1
billion cells.
-Many tumor cells never leave the M-phase
of the cell cycle.
-Cancer cells are undifferentiated and come
in various shapes and sizes.
-If the breast has a lot of cysts, then the fluid
,within those sacs makes it difficult to feel the
hard lumps of a cancer.
,A 77-year-old male client with a diagnosis of -The portal circulatory system brings venous blood
from the stomach cancer has been found to have GI tract into the liver.
metastases in his liver. The client and his
family are surprised at this turn of
events, stating that they do not see how
he could
have developed cancer in his liver. Which
of the following facts would underlie the
reply that the care team provides?
-The parenchymal tissue of the liver is
particularly susceptible to secondary
malignancies.
-The portal circulatory system brings venous
blood from the GI tract into the liver.
-Hepatic stromal tissue shares
characteristics with cancerous cells,
including lack of anchorage dependence.
-The proximity of the liver to the stomach
allows for direct spread of cancerous cells
due to a lack of contact inhibition.
A 61-year-old male client is scheduled to -Antiemetics and packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusions
begin chemotherapy for the treatment of his
bone cancer shortly. Staff at the cancer
center have educated the man and his wife
about the goals, course, and expectations
of his treatment. Which of the following
medications and treatments might the man
anticipate needing during and after his
course of treatment?
-Analgesia and corticosteroids
-Antiemetics and packed red blood cell
(PRBC) transfusions
-Whole blood transfusion and antiplatelet
aggregators
-Diuretics and selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs)
, As part of a screening program for prostate -All of the men who had high PSA levels developed
prostate cancer, men at a senior citizen's center are cancer; several men who had low PSA levels also
developed having their blood levels of prostate- prostate cancer.
specific antigen (PSA) measured. Which of
the following statements would best
characterize high positive predictive value
but low negative predictive value for this
screening test?
-All of the men who had high PSA levels
developed prostate cancer; several men
who had low PSA levels also
developed prostate cancer.
-All of the men who had low PSA levels
were cancer-free; several men who had high
levels also remained free of prostate cancer.
-Men who had low PSA levels also
displayed false positive results for prostate
cancer; men with high levels were often
falsely diagnosed with prostate cancer.
-The test displayed low sensitivity but high
specificity.
A patient has been diagnosed with a -Dysregulated apoptosis has caused an excessive rate of
neurodegenerative disease called multiple programmed cell death along the neuro-pathways.
sclerosis (MS). The physician explains to the
patient that this disease may be caused by
dysregulated apoptosis. Later that day, the
patient asks the nurse what this means. The
NP should reply:
-The cells around your nerves don't know
how to die correctly.
-The cytoplasm should neutralize the
various apoptotic inhibitors but isn't
working correctly.
-Dysregulated apoptosis has caused an
excessive rate of programmed cell death
along the neuro-pathways.
-There is an inappropriately low rate of
apoptosis occurring within the cells.
