NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 2 (2026/2027) QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?
a. To provide specific responses toward antigens
b. To lyse cell membranes of microorganisms
c. To prevent infection of the injured tissue
d. To create immunity against subsequent tissue injury
C. If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and systemic
response (inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect
against infection, and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue. The response to a
specific offending agent is the function of the adaptive immune response.
Lysosomes lyse cell membranes. Immunity against a subsequent tissue injury
occurs through the action of B cells and T cells.
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
a. Vasodilation of blood vessels
b. Increased capillary permeability
c. Endothelial cell expansion
d. Emigration of neutrophils
B. The increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of plasma
from the vessels, causing swelling (edema) in the surrounding tissue and is solely
responsible for inflammation-induced edema. Vasodilation (increased size of the
blood vessels) causes slower blood velocity and increases blood flow to the injured
site. Endothelial cell contraction (not expansion) leads to increased capillary
,permeability. Emigration of neutrophils to the area of infection/injury leads to
increased destruction of the offending agent.
What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed site?
a. Complement
b. Coagulation
c. Kinin
d. Fibrinolysis
B. The coagulation (clotting) system is a group of plasma proteins that form a
fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site. This protein system (1) prevents
the spread of infection to adjacent tissues, (2) traps microorganisms and foreign
bodies at the site of inflammation for removal by infiltrating cells (e.g., neutrophils
and macrophages), (3) forms a clot that stops the bleeding, and (4) provides a
framework for future repair and healing.
Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms
for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages?
a. Complement cascade
b. Coagulation system
c. Kinin system
d. Immune system
A. C3b (a component of the complement cascade) adheres to the surface of a
pathogenic microorganism and serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are
molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory
system, primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
,What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?
a. Platelet adhesion b. Initiation of the clotting cascade
c. Vasodilation d. Increased endothelial adhesiveness
C. Histamine, when released from mast cells, causes vasodilation.
What is an outcome of the complement cascade? a. Activation of the clotting
cascade b. Prevention of the spread of infection to adjacent tissues c. Inactivation
of chemical mediators such as histamine d. Lysis of bacterial cell membranes
D. The complement cascade can be activated by at least three different means, and
its products have four functions: (1) anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell
degranulation, (2) leukocyte chemotaxis, (3) opsonization, and (4) cell lysis.
What is the function of opsonization related to the complement cascade? a. To tag
pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages b. To
process pathogenic microorganisms so that activated lymphocytes can be created
for acquired immunity c. To destroy glycoprotein cell membranes of pathogenic
microorganisms d. To promote anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell
degranulation
A. Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the
inflammatory system (opsonization), primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
What is happening during opsonization?
During opsonization opsonin binds to a pathogen, then phagocytes are attracted,
and the pathogen is opsonized (destroyed). It is bound with the antibody IgG.
, How does the chemotactic factor affect the inflammatory process? a. By causing
vasodilation around the inflamed area b. By stimulating smooth muscle contraction
in the inflamed area c. By directing leukocytes to the inflamed area d. By
producing edema around the inflamed area
C. Two chemotactic factors, neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and eosinophil
chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), are released during mast cell
degranulation. NCF attracts neutrophils (a type of leukocytes), and ECF-A attracts
eosinophils to the site of inflammation.
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of
which problem? a. Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues. b.
Complement and chemotaxis are deficient. c. Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
d. Number of mast cells is insufficient.
C. In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in general,
but can instead be linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or
diabetes mellitus.
What is the correct sequence in phagocytosis? a. Engulfment, recognition, fusion,
destruction b. Fusion, engulfment, recognition, destruction c. Recognition,
engulfment, fusion, destruction d. Engulfment, fusion, recognition, destruction
C. Once the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the only correct sequence
of phagocytosis involves the following steps: (1) opsonization, or recognition, of
the target and adherence of the phagocyte to it; (2) engulfment, or ingestion or
endocytosis, and the formation of phagosome; (3) fusion with lysosomal granules
within the phagocyte (phagolysosome); and (4) destruction of the target.
EXAM 2 (2026/2027) QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?
a. To provide specific responses toward antigens
b. To lyse cell membranes of microorganisms
c. To prevent infection of the injured tissue
d. To create immunity against subsequent tissue injury
C. If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and systemic
response (inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect
against infection, and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue. The response to a
specific offending agent is the function of the adaptive immune response.
Lysosomes lyse cell membranes. Immunity against a subsequent tissue injury
occurs through the action of B cells and T cells.
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
a. Vasodilation of blood vessels
b. Increased capillary permeability
c. Endothelial cell expansion
d. Emigration of neutrophils
B. The increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of plasma
from the vessels, causing swelling (edema) in the surrounding tissue and is solely
responsible for inflammation-induced edema. Vasodilation (increased size of the
blood vessels) causes slower blood velocity and increases blood flow to the injured
site. Endothelial cell contraction (not expansion) leads to increased capillary
,permeability. Emigration of neutrophils to the area of infection/injury leads to
increased destruction of the offending agent.
What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed site?
a. Complement
b. Coagulation
c. Kinin
d. Fibrinolysis
B. The coagulation (clotting) system is a group of plasma proteins that form a
fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site. This protein system (1) prevents
the spread of infection to adjacent tissues, (2) traps microorganisms and foreign
bodies at the site of inflammation for removal by infiltrating cells (e.g., neutrophils
and macrophages), (3) forms a clot that stops the bleeding, and (4) provides a
framework for future repair and healing.
Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms
for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages?
a. Complement cascade
b. Coagulation system
c. Kinin system
d. Immune system
A. C3b (a component of the complement cascade) adheres to the surface of a
pathogenic microorganism and serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are
molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory
system, primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
,What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?
a. Platelet adhesion b. Initiation of the clotting cascade
c. Vasodilation d. Increased endothelial adhesiveness
C. Histamine, when released from mast cells, causes vasodilation.
What is an outcome of the complement cascade? a. Activation of the clotting
cascade b. Prevention of the spread of infection to adjacent tissues c. Inactivation
of chemical mediators such as histamine d. Lysis of bacterial cell membranes
D. The complement cascade can be activated by at least three different means, and
its products have four functions: (1) anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell
degranulation, (2) leukocyte chemotaxis, (3) opsonization, and (4) cell lysis.
What is the function of opsonization related to the complement cascade? a. To tag
pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages b. To
process pathogenic microorganisms so that activated lymphocytes can be created
for acquired immunity c. To destroy glycoprotein cell membranes of pathogenic
microorganisms d. To promote anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell
degranulation
A. Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the
inflammatory system (opsonization), primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
What is happening during opsonization?
During opsonization opsonin binds to a pathogen, then phagocytes are attracted,
and the pathogen is opsonized (destroyed). It is bound with the antibody IgG.
, How does the chemotactic factor affect the inflammatory process? a. By causing
vasodilation around the inflamed area b. By stimulating smooth muscle contraction
in the inflamed area c. By directing leukocytes to the inflamed area d. By
producing edema around the inflamed area
C. Two chemotactic factors, neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and eosinophil
chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), are released during mast cell
degranulation. NCF attracts neutrophils (a type of leukocytes), and ECF-A attracts
eosinophils to the site of inflammation.
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of
which problem? a. Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues. b.
Complement and chemotaxis are deficient. c. Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
d. Number of mast cells is insufficient.
C. In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in general,
but can instead be linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or
diabetes mellitus.
What is the correct sequence in phagocytosis? a. Engulfment, recognition, fusion,
destruction b. Fusion, engulfment, recognition, destruction c. Recognition,
engulfment, fusion, destruction d. Engulfment, fusion, recognition, destruction
C. Once the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the only correct sequence
of phagocytosis involves the following steps: (1) opsonization, or recognition, of
the target and adherence of the phagocyte to it; (2) engulfment, or ingestion or
endocytosis, and the formation of phagosome; (3) fusion with lysosomal granules
within the phagocyte (phagolysosome); and (4) destruction of the target.
