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Contents
CHAPTER 1: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION......................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2: CELLULAR INJURY, ADAPTATIONS, AND MALADAPTIVE CHANGES..................................... 13
CHAPTER 3: GENETIC BASIS OF DISEASE..................................................................................................23
CHAPTER 4: STRESS, EXERCISE, AND IMMOBILITY.................................................................................. 35
CHAPTER 5: OBESITY AND NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCES..........................................................................44
CHAPTER 6: PAIN...................................................................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER 7: FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES...............................................................................66
CHAPTER 8: ACID–BASE BALANCE........................................................................................................... 75
CHAPTER 9: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION........................................................................................ 82
CHAPTER 10: INFECTIOUS DISEASE..........................................................................................................91
CHAPTER 11: DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM............................................................................ 100
CHAPTER 12: WHITE BLOOD CELL DISORDERS...................................................................................... 112
CHAPTER 13: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION....................................................................................123
CHAPTER 14: DISORDERS OF PLATELETS, HEMOSTASIS, AND COAGULATION..................................... 134
CHAPTER 15: ARTERIAL DISORDERS.......................................................................................................146
CHAPTER 16: ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND CONDUCTION DISORDERS........................................... 157
CHAPTER 17: HEART FAILURE.................................................................................................................167
CHAPTER 18: VALVULAR HEART DISEASE...............................................................................................178
CHAPTER 19: DISORDERS OF THE VENOUS SYSTEM............................................................................. 190
CHAPTER 20: RESPIRATORY INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION............................................................. 201
CHAPTER 21: RESTRICTIVE AND OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISORDERS...........................................212
CHAPTER 22 – RENAL DISORDERS..........................................................................................................225
CHAPTER 23 – UROLOGICAL DISORDERS...............................................................................................234
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CHAPTER 24 – ENDOCRINE DISORDERS................................................................................................ 244
CHAPTER 25 – DIABETES MELLITUS & METABOLIC SYNDROME.......................................................... 253
CHAPTER 26 – FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS............................................................................ 262
CHAPTER 27 – MALE REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS................................................................................ 271
CHAPTER 28: SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES.................................................................................280
CHAPTER 29: DISORDERS OF THE ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, AND SMALL INTESTINE.......................... 289
CHAPTER 30: COMMON DISORDERS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE.......................................................... 299
CHAPTER 31: INFECTION, INFLAMMATION, AND CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER........................................308
CHAPTER 32: GALLBLADDER, PANCREATIC, AND BILE DUCT DYSFUNCTION....................................... 317
CHAPTER 33 • CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS................................................................................... 326
CHAPTER 34 • CHRONIC AND DEGENERATIVE NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS........................................... 336
CHAPTER 35 • BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD INJURY................................................................................. 343
CHAPTER 36 • PSYCHOBIOLOGY OF BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS.............................................................353
CHAPTER 37 • MUSCULOSKELETAL TRAUMA........................................................................................361
CHAPTER 38: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM....................................389
CHAPTER 39: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. 398
CHAPTER 40: CANCER............................................................................................................................ 407
CHAPTER 41: SKIN DISORDERS...............................................................................................................416
CHAPTER 42: BURNS.............................................................................................................................. 424
CHAPTER 43: EYE DISORDERS................................................................................................................ 433
CHAPTER 44: EAR DISORDERS................................................................................................................442
CHAPTER 45: PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC CONCEPTS OF AGING.................................................................... 451
CHAPTER 46: SIRS, SEPSIS, SHOCK, MODS, AND DEATH.......................................................................460
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────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
CHAPTER 1: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1. Which statement regarding the sodium-potassium pump is correct?
A. The plasma membrane is more soluble to sodium ions than to potassium ions.
B. The concentration of sodium ions is higher inside the cell than outside.
C. The concentration of potassium ions is higher outside the cell than inside.
D. Three sodium ions are pumped out, and two potassium ions are pumped in.
Answer: D
Feedback: The sodium-potassium pump actively transports three Na+ ions out of the cell and
two K+ ions in, maintaining gradients essential for cell function (Capriotti & Frizzell, p. 10).
2. What is the process in which glucose is used to create energy in the cell?
A. Autolysis
B. Glycolysis
C. Heterolysis
D. None of the above
Answer: B
Feedback: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway where glucose is broken down to produce ATP,
under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions (p. 14).
3. How many ATP molecules are produced in aerobic metabolism?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 34
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Contents
CHAPTER 1: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION......................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2: CELLULAR INJURY, ADAPTATIONS, AND MALADAPTIVE CHANGES..................................... 13
CHAPTER 3: GENETIC BASIS OF DISEASE..................................................................................................23
CHAPTER 4: STRESS, EXERCISE, AND IMMOBILITY.................................................................................. 35
CHAPTER 5: OBESITY AND NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCES..........................................................................44
CHAPTER 6: PAIN...................................................................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER 7: FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES...............................................................................66
CHAPTER 8: ACID–BASE BALANCE........................................................................................................... 75
CHAPTER 9: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION........................................................................................ 82
CHAPTER 10: INFECTIOUS DISEASE..........................................................................................................91
CHAPTER 11: DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM............................................................................ 100
CHAPTER 12: WHITE BLOOD CELL DISORDERS...................................................................................... 112
CHAPTER 13: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION....................................................................................123
CHAPTER 14: DISORDERS OF PLATELETS, HEMOSTASIS, AND COAGULATION..................................... 134
CHAPTER 15: ARTERIAL DISORDERS.......................................................................................................146
CHAPTER 16: ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND CONDUCTION DISORDERS........................................... 157
CHAPTER 17: HEART FAILURE.................................................................................................................167
CHAPTER 18: VALVULAR HEART DISEASE...............................................................................................178
CHAPTER 19: DISORDERS OF THE VENOUS SYSTEM............................................................................. 190
CHAPTER 20: RESPIRATORY INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION............................................................. 201
CHAPTER 21: RESTRICTIVE AND OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISORDERS...........................................212
CHAPTER 22 – RENAL DISORDERS..........................................................................................................225
CHAPTER 23 – UROLOGICAL DISORDERS...............................................................................................234
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CHAPTER 24 – ENDOCRINE DISORDERS................................................................................................ 244
CHAPTER 25 – DIABETES MELLITUS & METABOLIC SYNDROME.......................................................... 253
CHAPTER 26 – FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS............................................................................ 262
CHAPTER 27 – MALE REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS................................................................................ 271
CHAPTER 28: SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES.................................................................................280
CHAPTER 29: DISORDERS OF THE ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, AND SMALL INTESTINE.......................... 289
CHAPTER 30: COMMON DISORDERS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE.......................................................... 299
CHAPTER 31: INFECTION, INFLAMMATION, AND CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER........................................308
CHAPTER 32: GALLBLADDER, PANCREATIC, AND BILE DUCT DYSFUNCTION....................................... 317
CHAPTER 33 • CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS................................................................................... 326
CHAPTER 34 • CHRONIC AND DEGENERATIVE NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS........................................... 336
CHAPTER 35 • BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD INJURY................................................................................. 343
CHAPTER 36 • PSYCHOBIOLOGY OF BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS.............................................................353
CHAPTER 37 • MUSCULOSKELETAL TRAUMA........................................................................................361
CHAPTER 38: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM....................................389
CHAPTER 39: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. 398
CHAPTER 40: CANCER............................................................................................................................ 407
CHAPTER 41: SKIN DISORDERS...............................................................................................................416
CHAPTER 42: BURNS.............................................................................................................................. 424
CHAPTER 43: EYE DISORDERS................................................................................................................ 433
CHAPTER 44: EAR DISORDERS................................................................................................................442
CHAPTER 45: PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC CONCEPTS OF AGING.................................................................... 451
CHAPTER 46: SIRS, SEPSIS, SHOCK, MODS, AND DEATH.......................................................................460
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────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
CHAPTER 1: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1. Which statement regarding the sodium-potassium pump is correct?
A. The plasma membrane is more soluble to sodium ions than to potassium ions.
B. The concentration of sodium ions is higher inside the cell than outside.
C. The concentration of potassium ions is higher outside the cell than inside.
D. Three sodium ions are pumped out, and two potassium ions are pumped in.
Answer: D
Feedback: The sodium-potassium pump actively transports three Na+ ions out of the cell and
two K+ ions in, maintaining gradients essential for cell function (Capriotti & Frizzell, p. 10).
2. What is the process in which glucose is used to create energy in the cell?
A. Autolysis
B. Glycolysis
C. Heterolysis
D. None of the above
Answer: B
Feedback: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway where glucose is broken down to produce ATP,
under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions (p. 14).
3. How many ATP molecules are produced in aerobic metabolism?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 34
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