MIS NOTES
Module 1 - Impact of Digital Technology
Objective #1
- The evolution of reliance on technology
- Outline the history of computers
- Explain the impact of the internet of things and embedded computers
- Discover uses for artificial intelligence
- Explore the impact of virtual reality
Outline the history of computers
0 → means off
1 → means on
(1 and 0 are transistors)
Transistors - semiconductor device
● Is used for amplifying electrical signals
● Is used for switching electrical currents
IC = microchip
● Silicon wafers and chips
● A wafer is a thin slice of semiconductor like silicon or germanium
● A IC is a set of electronic circuits on a small “chip” of a wafer
Vacuum tubes
● Electronic components used to control the flow of electrical current in devices
Fab factory
● Factory that develops microchips
Conductor ←→ Insulator
The impact of the internet of things and embedded computers
Internet of Things (IoT)
● The Internet of Things refers to a network of physical objects, devices, and
sensors connected to the internet, enabling them to collect, exchange, and act on
data
● Devices - physical objects equipped with sensors, actuators, and communication
hardware
○ Ex. smart thermostats, wearable devices, connected cars
● Sensors and Actuators
○ Sensors gather data from the environment
■ Ex. electricity, temperature, motion, humidity, pressure
○ Actuators perform actions based on data
■ Ex. turning on lights, adjusting valves
, ● Connectivity - devices communicate via protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee,
LoRa, or cellular networks
○ The internet serves as the backbone for data exchange
● Edge devices - perform initial data processing closer to the source to reduce
latency and bandwidth usage
● IoT Platforms - software platforms that aggregate, analyze, and visualize data
from IoT devices
○ Ex. AWS IoT Core, Google IoT Cloud, Microsoft Azure IoT Hub
● Data Analytics and AI - extract insights from the collected data for
decision-making and automation
● User Interface - apps or dashboards that allow users to interact with IoT devices
and monitor systems
● Smart homes - devices like smart speakers, lighting systems, thermostats, and
security cameras
○ Ex. Amazon echo, nest thermostat
● Healthcare - remote patient monitoring, wearable health trackers, and smart
medical devices
○ Ex. Fitbit, smart insulin pumps
● Industrial IoT - automation and monitoring of machinery, predictive maintenance,
management
○ Ex. connected assembly lines, SCADA systems
● Agriculture - precision farming using sensors for soil moisture, weather
conditions, and crop health
● Transportation - connected vehicles, fleet management, and smart traffic
systems
○ Ex. GPS trackers, autonomous cars
● Smart Cities - intelligent infrastructure like smart lighting, waste management,
and traffic control
● Retail - inventory tracking, smart shelves, and personalized shopping
experiences
Discover uses for artificial intelligence
XR - extended reality : an umbrella term that encompasses all immersive technologies
that blend the physical and virtual worlds
● VR - virtual reality : fully immersive experiences where users are placed in a
completely virtual environment
● MR - mixed reality : combines real and virtual elements, allowing them to interact
in real time
● AR - augmented reality : enhances the real world by overlaying digital
information, such as images or text
, Embedded Systems
Keys of embedded systems
Dedicated Functionality:
● Designed to perform one or a few predefined tasks
● Operates with minimal user intervention
Real-time operation:
● Many embedded systems operate in real-time, processing inputs and producing
outputs within strict time constraints
Hardware and Software Integration:
● Combines specific hardware components with tailored software to achieve its
functionality
Components of embedded systems
● Microprocessor:
○ The ‘brain’ of the system
■ Examples: ARM cortex, PIC, or AVR microcontrollers
● Memory:
○ RAM(random access memory) for temporary storage
○ ROM(read only memory)/flash for firmware storage
● input/output interface
○ Sensors for input
○ Actuators or displays for output
● Power supply:
○ Typically low-power, optimized for energy efficiency
● Software
○ Includes a real-time operating systems or firmware written in C, C++. or
assembly
Examples of embedded systems
● Consumer electronics
○ Smart TVs, washing machines, digital cameras
● Automotive
○ Anti-lock braking systems, airbags, infotainment systems
● Industrial applications
○ Robotic controllers
● Medical devices
○ Pacemakers, infusion pumps, medical imaging devices
● IoT devices
○ Smart thermostats, wearable fitness trackers
AI
Module 1 - Impact of Digital Technology
Objective #1
- The evolution of reliance on technology
- Outline the history of computers
- Explain the impact of the internet of things and embedded computers
- Discover uses for artificial intelligence
- Explore the impact of virtual reality
Outline the history of computers
0 → means off
1 → means on
(1 and 0 are transistors)
Transistors - semiconductor device
● Is used for amplifying electrical signals
● Is used for switching electrical currents
IC = microchip
● Silicon wafers and chips
● A wafer is a thin slice of semiconductor like silicon or germanium
● A IC is a set of electronic circuits on a small “chip” of a wafer
Vacuum tubes
● Electronic components used to control the flow of electrical current in devices
Fab factory
● Factory that develops microchips
Conductor ←→ Insulator
The impact of the internet of things and embedded computers
Internet of Things (IoT)
● The Internet of Things refers to a network of physical objects, devices, and
sensors connected to the internet, enabling them to collect, exchange, and act on
data
● Devices - physical objects equipped with sensors, actuators, and communication
hardware
○ Ex. smart thermostats, wearable devices, connected cars
● Sensors and Actuators
○ Sensors gather data from the environment
■ Ex. electricity, temperature, motion, humidity, pressure
○ Actuators perform actions based on data
■ Ex. turning on lights, adjusting valves
, ● Connectivity - devices communicate via protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee,
LoRa, or cellular networks
○ The internet serves as the backbone for data exchange
● Edge devices - perform initial data processing closer to the source to reduce
latency and bandwidth usage
● IoT Platforms - software platforms that aggregate, analyze, and visualize data
from IoT devices
○ Ex. AWS IoT Core, Google IoT Cloud, Microsoft Azure IoT Hub
● Data Analytics and AI - extract insights from the collected data for
decision-making and automation
● User Interface - apps or dashboards that allow users to interact with IoT devices
and monitor systems
● Smart homes - devices like smart speakers, lighting systems, thermostats, and
security cameras
○ Ex. Amazon echo, nest thermostat
● Healthcare - remote patient monitoring, wearable health trackers, and smart
medical devices
○ Ex. Fitbit, smart insulin pumps
● Industrial IoT - automation and monitoring of machinery, predictive maintenance,
management
○ Ex. connected assembly lines, SCADA systems
● Agriculture - precision farming using sensors for soil moisture, weather
conditions, and crop health
● Transportation - connected vehicles, fleet management, and smart traffic
systems
○ Ex. GPS trackers, autonomous cars
● Smart Cities - intelligent infrastructure like smart lighting, waste management,
and traffic control
● Retail - inventory tracking, smart shelves, and personalized shopping
experiences
Discover uses for artificial intelligence
XR - extended reality : an umbrella term that encompasses all immersive technologies
that blend the physical and virtual worlds
● VR - virtual reality : fully immersive experiences where users are placed in a
completely virtual environment
● MR - mixed reality : combines real and virtual elements, allowing them to interact
in real time
● AR - augmented reality : enhances the real world by overlaying digital
information, such as images or text
, Embedded Systems
Keys of embedded systems
Dedicated Functionality:
● Designed to perform one or a few predefined tasks
● Operates with minimal user intervention
Real-time operation:
● Many embedded systems operate in real-time, processing inputs and producing
outputs within strict time constraints
Hardware and Software Integration:
● Combines specific hardware components with tailored software to achieve its
functionality
Components of embedded systems
● Microprocessor:
○ The ‘brain’ of the system
■ Examples: ARM cortex, PIC, or AVR microcontrollers
● Memory:
○ RAM(random access memory) for temporary storage
○ ROM(read only memory)/flash for firmware storage
● input/output interface
○ Sensors for input
○ Actuators or displays for output
● Power supply:
○ Typically low-power, optimized for energy efficiency
● Software
○ Includes a real-time operating systems or firmware written in C, C++. or
assembly
Examples of embedded systems
● Consumer electronics
○ Smart TVs, washing machines, digital cameras
● Automotive
○ Anti-lock braking systems, airbags, infotainment systems
● Industrial applications
○ Robotic controllers
● Medical devices
○ Pacemakers, infusion pumps, medical imaging devices
● IoT devices
○ Smart thermostats, wearable fitness trackers
AI
