APEA Pathophysiology Exam -
MASTER 1
(2026-2027)
** Expert-Verified Explanation
** Questions with Verified Answer
** New Edition
** 100% Guaranteed Pass
** 100% Correct Answers
,A common cause of diastolic heart failure is: Hypertension
myocarditis
myocardial infarction long-term hypertension is a common cause of diastolic heart failure.
dilated cardiomyopathy Diastolic dysfunction occurs when the filling of one or both ventricles is impaired
hypertension because the ventricle has become less compliant.
The heart must pump more forcefully in order to push blood into circulation
against increased vascular resistance.
Which type of angina results from coronary artery Prinzmetal's angina
vasospasm and occurs in atypical patterns? Results from coronary artery vasospasm and occurs in an atypical pattern. It is
Classic angina usually at a single site. It can occur in a normal or disease vessel. Pain is usually
Prinzmetal's angina resolved with angina medication.
Unstable angina Classic (stable angina) occurs when the heart is stressed, lasts less than 5
Pleuritic chest pain minutes, and usually resolves with rest.
Unstable angina is considered a medical emergency because it lasts longer than
5 minutes, does not follow the normal pain pattern, and may not resolve with rest
or angina medication. It is often associated or signals a MI.
A patient who is in cardiogenic shock will present with: mixed venous oxygen saturation
a high cardiac index
decreased vascular resistance Patients will have a low cardiac index, elevated filling pressures of the left, right,
increased ventricular ejection fraction or both ventricles, and a decreased mixed venous oxygen saturation.
mixed venous oxygen saturation
With each heart beat, blood within the left and right aorta and pulmonary artery
ventricle is ejected into the:
left atrium only
aorta and pulmonary artery
anterior descending artery
right coronary artery
The primary cause of cardiogenic shock in a patient with failure of the ventricle to pump adequately
an acute MI is:
failure of the ventricle to pump blood adequately
failure of the aortic valve to pump blood adequately
regurgitation of the tricuspid valve
regurgitation of the mitral valve
Unstable angina is characterized by: increased crescendo angina
angina with prolonged activity
angina symptoms lasting >6 months. unstable angina is characterized by prolonged angina at rest (usually >20
increasing crescendo angina minutes at rest), and increasing crescendo angina (now more frequent & longer
angina with elevated cardiac markers duration)
Which one of the following produces visible evidence of varicose veins
an underlying problem with reverse venous flow?
cellulitis
bruising
stasis dermatitis
varicose veins
Which one of the following is NOT an assessment finding end-organ hyperperfusion
in a patient who is experiencing shock?
low urine output
end-organ hyperperfusion
poor mentation
hypotension
A progressive disease of heart muscle that is dilated cardiomyopathy
characterized by ventricular chamber enlargement and
contractile dysfunction is:
acute coronary syndrome
cardiac tamponade
dilated cardiomyopathy
thyrotoxicosis
Patients with acute coronary syndrome may experience oxygen demand
chest pain secondary to:
arterial vasodilation
oxygen demand
potassium depletion
elevated creatine
,What is the purpose of activation of the sympathetic Production of arterial vasoconstriction
nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system, and the antidiuretic system in the presence of all three of those systems are activated in the presence of heart failure and
impaired cardiac pumping and/or filling? produce arterial vasoconstriction and help to maintain systemic pressure to
promotion of venous relaxation ensure tissue & organ perfusion
production of arterial vasoconstriction
decrease in venous pressure
decrease in ventricular filling
Atherosclerosis in the lower extremities commonly peripheral artery disease
causes:
venous insufficiency
peripheral artery disease
lymphadenopathy
diabetic neuropathy
Which of the following is not a deficit of tetralogy of an enlargement of the tricuspid valves
Fallot?
a hole between the ventricles of the heart
a narrowing of the pulmonary valve and artery
an enlargement of the tricuspid valves
a thickening of the ventricle chambers
which of the following cardiac rhythms do not lead to a normal sinus rhythm
decrease in cardiac output?
normal sinus rhythm
bradycardia
atrial fibrillation
atrioventricular block
Aortic stenosis may be identified by: a crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur
a low-intensity, high pitched murmur this begins shortly after the first heart sound. S1 is usually normal or soft and the
a crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur A2 (second heart sound) is usually diminished or absent due to aortic valve
a high pitched and blowing murmur with a decrescendo calcification & immobility
configuration
a murmur with a rumbling character
Transposition of the great arteries is described as: cyanotic mixed defects with increased pulmonary blood flow
acyanotic deficits increasing pulmonary blood flow
cyanotic defect that decreases pulmonary blood flow
cyanotic mixed defects with increased pulmonary blood
flow
obstructive lesions with poor blood flow from ventricles
Which of the following cardiac rhythms is characterized Sinus bradycardia
by P waves that precede each QRS interval
sinus bradycardia
atrial flutter
ventricle tachycardia
Torsades de Pointes
Pediatric patients with tetralogy of Fallot have episodes tet spells
of bluish skin during crying and feeding that are called:
tachypnea
dyspnea
tet spells
Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Which of the following types of angina involves nocturnal Unstable angina
symptoms? Causes symptoms at rest & at night
Classic angina
Stable angina
Prinzmetal's angina
Unstable angina
Whish congenital heart defect is known to cause Tetralogy of Fallot
cyanotic crying episodes precipitated by crying, feeding,
or other activities?
Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Tetralogy of Fallot
, Which of the following statements accurately describes a It is caused by a ventricular ectopic pacemaker
premature ventricular contraction (PVC)?
It is caused by a ventricular ectopic pacemaker
It is caused by failure of the AV node to fire
It is caused by bifurcation of the bundle of HIs
It is caused by prolongation of the QT interval
Which of the following is secreted by ventricular Brain natriuretic peptide
myocytes and assists in the diagnosis of heart failure? important biomarker with an established role in the diagnosis of heart failure and
Atrial natriuretic peptide in predicting long-term morbidity and mortality
Brain natriuretic peptide
Endothelin
Nitric oxide
The primary function of the heart is: to pump blood through the body via the circulatory system
to maintain pressure throughout the cardiovascular
system
to generate the flow of blood to the right ventricle
to pump blood through the body via the circulatory
system
to excrete carbon monoxide from the blood
Mean arterial pressure is primarily regulated by changes systemic vascular resistance
in cardiac output and:
afterload MAP is regulated by changes in CO, SVR, and CVP (central venous pressure)
increased stroke volume normal MAP is 70-110, with a minimum of 60 mmHg is needed for adequate
systemic vascular resistance perfusion
heart rate
The life-threatening cardiac condition caused by the cardiac tamponade
accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space is:
endocarditis
cardiac tamponade
pericarditis
cardiomyopathy
The amount of pressure that occurs when the ventricles systolic pressure
contract is the:
mean arterial pressure diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure in the aorta
systolic pressure
diastolic pressure
pulse pressure
To increase oxygen saturation after exertion, a patient squat
with Tetralogy of Fallot will:
lie down it promptly relieves the exercised-induced worsening of dyspnea
stand up & O2 saturation improves upon assuming a squatting position
squat Mechanism works by increasing PVR & decreasing the right-to-left shunt across
cough the VSD
Which lipoprotein plays a major role in reverse HDL
cholesterol transport away from the arteries and back to
the liver? functions by transporting cholesterol from tissues to the liver, called reverse
HDL cholesterol transport
LDL
Trigylcerides
Total cholesterol
Atrial septal defect results from:
Which one of the following is NOT present in tetralogy of Patent ductus arteriosus
Fallot?
Patent ductus arteriosus WILL have VSD, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and
Ventricular hypertrophy overriding aorta
Pulmonary stenosis
Ventricular septal defect
MASTER 1
(2026-2027)
** Expert-Verified Explanation
** Questions with Verified Answer
** New Edition
** 100% Guaranteed Pass
** 100% Correct Answers
,A common cause of diastolic heart failure is: Hypertension
myocarditis
myocardial infarction long-term hypertension is a common cause of diastolic heart failure.
dilated cardiomyopathy Diastolic dysfunction occurs when the filling of one or both ventricles is impaired
hypertension because the ventricle has become less compliant.
The heart must pump more forcefully in order to push blood into circulation
against increased vascular resistance.
Which type of angina results from coronary artery Prinzmetal's angina
vasospasm and occurs in atypical patterns? Results from coronary artery vasospasm and occurs in an atypical pattern. It is
Classic angina usually at a single site. It can occur in a normal or disease vessel. Pain is usually
Prinzmetal's angina resolved with angina medication.
Unstable angina Classic (stable angina) occurs when the heart is stressed, lasts less than 5
Pleuritic chest pain minutes, and usually resolves with rest.
Unstable angina is considered a medical emergency because it lasts longer than
5 minutes, does not follow the normal pain pattern, and may not resolve with rest
or angina medication. It is often associated or signals a MI.
A patient who is in cardiogenic shock will present with: mixed venous oxygen saturation
a high cardiac index
decreased vascular resistance Patients will have a low cardiac index, elevated filling pressures of the left, right,
increased ventricular ejection fraction or both ventricles, and a decreased mixed venous oxygen saturation.
mixed venous oxygen saturation
With each heart beat, blood within the left and right aorta and pulmonary artery
ventricle is ejected into the:
left atrium only
aorta and pulmonary artery
anterior descending artery
right coronary artery
The primary cause of cardiogenic shock in a patient with failure of the ventricle to pump adequately
an acute MI is:
failure of the ventricle to pump blood adequately
failure of the aortic valve to pump blood adequately
regurgitation of the tricuspid valve
regurgitation of the mitral valve
Unstable angina is characterized by: increased crescendo angina
angina with prolonged activity
angina symptoms lasting >6 months. unstable angina is characterized by prolonged angina at rest (usually >20
increasing crescendo angina minutes at rest), and increasing crescendo angina (now more frequent & longer
angina with elevated cardiac markers duration)
Which one of the following produces visible evidence of varicose veins
an underlying problem with reverse venous flow?
cellulitis
bruising
stasis dermatitis
varicose veins
Which one of the following is NOT an assessment finding end-organ hyperperfusion
in a patient who is experiencing shock?
low urine output
end-organ hyperperfusion
poor mentation
hypotension
A progressive disease of heart muscle that is dilated cardiomyopathy
characterized by ventricular chamber enlargement and
contractile dysfunction is:
acute coronary syndrome
cardiac tamponade
dilated cardiomyopathy
thyrotoxicosis
Patients with acute coronary syndrome may experience oxygen demand
chest pain secondary to:
arterial vasodilation
oxygen demand
potassium depletion
elevated creatine
,What is the purpose of activation of the sympathetic Production of arterial vasoconstriction
nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system, and the antidiuretic system in the presence of all three of those systems are activated in the presence of heart failure and
impaired cardiac pumping and/or filling? produce arterial vasoconstriction and help to maintain systemic pressure to
promotion of venous relaxation ensure tissue & organ perfusion
production of arterial vasoconstriction
decrease in venous pressure
decrease in ventricular filling
Atherosclerosis in the lower extremities commonly peripheral artery disease
causes:
venous insufficiency
peripheral artery disease
lymphadenopathy
diabetic neuropathy
Which of the following is not a deficit of tetralogy of an enlargement of the tricuspid valves
Fallot?
a hole between the ventricles of the heart
a narrowing of the pulmonary valve and artery
an enlargement of the tricuspid valves
a thickening of the ventricle chambers
which of the following cardiac rhythms do not lead to a normal sinus rhythm
decrease in cardiac output?
normal sinus rhythm
bradycardia
atrial fibrillation
atrioventricular block
Aortic stenosis may be identified by: a crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur
a low-intensity, high pitched murmur this begins shortly after the first heart sound. S1 is usually normal or soft and the
a crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur A2 (second heart sound) is usually diminished or absent due to aortic valve
a high pitched and blowing murmur with a decrescendo calcification & immobility
configuration
a murmur with a rumbling character
Transposition of the great arteries is described as: cyanotic mixed defects with increased pulmonary blood flow
acyanotic deficits increasing pulmonary blood flow
cyanotic defect that decreases pulmonary blood flow
cyanotic mixed defects with increased pulmonary blood
flow
obstructive lesions with poor blood flow from ventricles
Which of the following cardiac rhythms is characterized Sinus bradycardia
by P waves that precede each QRS interval
sinus bradycardia
atrial flutter
ventricle tachycardia
Torsades de Pointes
Pediatric patients with tetralogy of Fallot have episodes tet spells
of bluish skin during crying and feeding that are called:
tachypnea
dyspnea
tet spells
Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Which of the following types of angina involves nocturnal Unstable angina
symptoms? Causes symptoms at rest & at night
Classic angina
Stable angina
Prinzmetal's angina
Unstable angina
Whish congenital heart defect is known to cause Tetralogy of Fallot
cyanotic crying episodes precipitated by crying, feeding,
or other activities?
Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Tetralogy of Fallot
, Which of the following statements accurately describes a It is caused by a ventricular ectopic pacemaker
premature ventricular contraction (PVC)?
It is caused by a ventricular ectopic pacemaker
It is caused by failure of the AV node to fire
It is caused by bifurcation of the bundle of HIs
It is caused by prolongation of the QT interval
Which of the following is secreted by ventricular Brain natriuretic peptide
myocytes and assists in the diagnosis of heart failure? important biomarker with an established role in the diagnosis of heart failure and
Atrial natriuretic peptide in predicting long-term morbidity and mortality
Brain natriuretic peptide
Endothelin
Nitric oxide
The primary function of the heart is: to pump blood through the body via the circulatory system
to maintain pressure throughout the cardiovascular
system
to generate the flow of blood to the right ventricle
to pump blood through the body via the circulatory
system
to excrete carbon monoxide from the blood
Mean arterial pressure is primarily regulated by changes systemic vascular resistance
in cardiac output and:
afterload MAP is regulated by changes in CO, SVR, and CVP (central venous pressure)
increased stroke volume normal MAP is 70-110, with a minimum of 60 mmHg is needed for adequate
systemic vascular resistance perfusion
heart rate
The life-threatening cardiac condition caused by the cardiac tamponade
accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space is:
endocarditis
cardiac tamponade
pericarditis
cardiomyopathy
The amount of pressure that occurs when the ventricles systolic pressure
contract is the:
mean arterial pressure diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure in the aorta
systolic pressure
diastolic pressure
pulse pressure
To increase oxygen saturation after exertion, a patient squat
with Tetralogy of Fallot will:
lie down it promptly relieves the exercised-induced worsening of dyspnea
stand up & O2 saturation improves upon assuming a squatting position
squat Mechanism works by increasing PVR & decreasing the right-to-left shunt across
cough the VSD
Which lipoprotein plays a major role in reverse HDL
cholesterol transport away from the arteries and back to
the liver? functions by transporting cholesterol from tissues to the liver, called reverse
HDL cholesterol transport
LDL
Trigylcerides
Total cholesterol
Atrial septal defect results from:
Which one of the following is NOT present in tetralogy of Patent ductus arteriosus
Fallot?
Patent ductus arteriosus WILL have VSD, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and
Ventricular hypertrophy overriding aorta
Pulmonary stenosis
Ventricular septal defect
