NUR 612 EXAM 1 (MODULE 3) UAB UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. Endocrine System
Answer:
System composed of various glands that can synthesize and release special chemical messengers called
hormones. System works closely with the Nervous System and the Immune system to regulate and
integrate body functions.
Functions:
Growth and development Sexual differentiation Metabolism Adaptation to an ever-changing environment
Regulation of digestion Use and storage of nutrients Electrolyte and water metabolism Reproductive
functions
Question:
2. Hormones
Answer:
Endocrine system uses chemical substances called hormones as a means of regulating and integrating body
functions. Hormones are thought of as chemical messengers produced to target a specific cell. They do
NOT initiate reactions but function as a modulator of cellular and systemic responses.
Function as chemical messengers Move through the blood to distant target sites of action Or, act more
locally as paracrine or autocrine messengers that incite more local effects Most are present in body fluids
at all times in greater or lesser amounts as needed. Characteristics A single hormone can exert various
effects in different tissues. A single function can be regulated by several hormones.
Question:
3. Types of Hormone Actions
Answer:
Hormones are released in one location but can have the biologic effect either in that location of release or
somewhere else Endocrine Paracrine Autocrine Intracrine
Question:
4. Endocrine
Answer:
Hormones are released in the circulation to act on a target organ (between remote cells)
Question:
5. Paracrine
Answer:
Hormones acts locally in cells other than that produced the hormones Ex: sex steroids in ovary (between
local cells)
Hormones acting locally on cells other than those that produced the hormone For example, the action of
sex steroids on the ovary
Question:
6. Autocrine
, Answer:
Hormones exert action on the cells from which they are produced ex: insulin (on the cell that produced
them)
Hormones exerting action on the cells from which they were produced For example, the release of insulin
from pancreatic beta cells can inhibit its release from the same cells
Question:
7. Intracrine
Answer:
Hormone action is within the cell that produced the hormone
Question:
8. Mechanisms of Hormone Action
Answer:
Hormones interact with high-affinity receptors. These are linked to one or more effector system in the cell.
Hormone receptors may be located in the plasma membrane of the cell (surface of the cell) or in the
intracellular compartment (inside the cell) of the target cell.
Question:
9. The vesicle mediated pathway
Answer:
Protein and polypeptide hormones are synthesized and stored in vesicles in the cytoplasm of the endocrine
cell until secretion is required. Stimulation of the endocrine cell causes the vesicles to move to the cell
membrane and release their hormones.
Question:
10. Non-vesicle mediated pathway
Answer:
Hormones are synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and released upon synthesis. Ex.: Steroid
hormones
Question:
11. Actions of Hormones Released into the Bloodstream
Answer:
Circulate as free, unbound molecules Peptide hormones and protein hormones usually circulate unbound in
the blood. Circulate as hormones attached to transport carriers Steroid hormones and thyroid hormone are
carried by specific carrier proteins synthesized in the liver. Intracellular and extracellular mechanisms
participate in the termination of hormone function. Only free hormones can signal a target cell.
Question:
12. Important Thoughts on Transport Carrier Hormones
Answer:
The extent of hormone binding to it's transport carrier influences the rate at which hormones leave the
blood and enter the cells. Pause and read Transport at the bottom of page 1265 through mid-page 1267.
Understand the correlation between hormone binding and half-life.
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. Endocrine System
Answer:
System composed of various glands that can synthesize and release special chemical messengers called
hormones. System works closely with the Nervous System and the Immune system to regulate and
integrate body functions.
Functions:
Growth and development Sexual differentiation Metabolism Adaptation to an ever-changing environment
Regulation of digestion Use and storage of nutrients Electrolyte and water metabolism Reproductive
functions
Question:
2. Hormones
Answer:
Endocrine system uses chemical substances called hormones as a means of regulating and integrating body
functions. Hormones are thought of as chemical messengers produced to target a specific cell. They do
NOT initiate reactions but function as a modulator of cellular and systemic responses.
Function as chemical messengers Move through the blood to distant target sites of action Or, act more
locally as paracrine or autocrine messengers that incite more local effects Most are present in body fluids
at all times in greater or lesser amounts as needed. Characteristics A single hormone can exert various
effects in different tissues. A single function can be regulated by several hormones.
Question:
3. Types of Hormone Actions
Answer:
Hormones are released in one location but can have the biologic effect either in that location of release or
somewhere else Endocrine Paracrine Autocrine Intracrine
Question:
4. Endocrine
Answer:
Hormones are released in the circulation to act on a target organ (between remote cells)
Question:
5. Paracrine
Answer:
Hormones acts locally in cells other than that produced the hormones Ex: sex steroids in ovary (between
local cells)
Hormones acting locally on cells other than those that produced the hormone For example, the action of
sex steroids on the ovary
Question:
6. Autocrine
, Answer:
Hormones exert action on the cells from which they are produced ex: insulin (on the cell that produced
them)
Hormones exerting action on the cells from which they were produced For example, the release of insulin
from pancreatic beta cells can inhibit its release from the same cells
Question:
7. Intracrine
Answer:
Hormone action is within the cell that produced the hormone
Question:
8. Mechanisms of Hormone Action
Answer:
Hormones interact with high-affinity receptors. These are linked to one or more effector system in the cell.
Hormone receptors may be located in the plasma membrane of the cell (surface of the cell) or in the
intracellular compartment (inside the cell) of the target cell.
Question:
9. The vesicle mediated pathway
Answer:
Protein and polypeptide hormones are synthesized and stored in vesicles in the cytoplasm of the endocrine
cell until secretion is required. Stimulation of the endocrine cell causes the vesicles to move to the cell
membrane and release their hormones.
Question:
10. Non-vesicle mediated pathway
Answer:
Hormones are synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and released upon synthesis. Ex.: Steroid
hormones
Question:
11. Actions of Hormones Released into the Bloodstream
Answer:
Circulate as free, unbound molecules Peptide hormones and protein hormones usually circulate unbound in
the blood. Circulate as hormones attached to transport carriers Steroid hormones and thyroid hormone are
carried by specific carrier proteins synthesized in the liver. Intracellular and extracellular mechanisms
participate in the termination of hormone function. Only free hormones can signal a target cell.
Question:
12. Important Thoughts on Transport Carrier Hormones
Answer:
The extent of hormone binding to it's transport carrier influences the rate at which hormones leave the
blood and enter the cells. Pause and read Transport at the bottom of page 1265 through mid-page 1267.
Understand the correlation between hormone binding and half-life.
