NURS 4100 WEEK 5 QUIZ: QUALITY
AND SAFETY THROUGH EVIDENCE
BASED PRACTICE
1. Which of the following is the primary distinguishing factor between Nursing Research and
Quality Improvement (QI)?
A. Research findings are never disseminated, but QI findings must be published in peer-
reviewed journals.
B. Research uses qualitative methods while QI uses strictly quantitative methods.
C. Research requires a control group whereas QI does not require any data collection.
D. Research is designed to generate new knowledge for the profession, while QI is designed
to improve processes within a specific clinical setting.
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The fundamental difference is scope and intent: research aims
for generalizable knowledge, whereas QI aims for localized improvements in patient care
outcomes.
,2. In the Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice, what is the initial step for a clinician?
A. Critique and synthesize the evidence.
B. Identify a knowledge-focused or problem-focused trigger.
C. Formulate a PICO(T) question.
D. Design and pilot a practice change.
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: The Iowa Model starts with identifying triggers, which can be
knowledge-focused (e.g., new standards) or problem-focused (e.g., high incidence of falls).
3. A nurse identifies a ‘near miss’ where a medication error was caught before reaching the
patient. According to Just Culture principles, how should the organization respond?
A. Discipline the nurse to ensure it does not happen again.
B. Keep the event confidential to protect the facility’s reputation.
C. Terminate the nurse immediately because of the potential for harm.
D. Analyze the system vulnerabilities that allowed the near miss to occur without
punishing the individual for a human error.
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Just Culture focuses on identifying system failures rather than
blaming individuals for unintentional human errors, encouraging reporting to improve
safety.
, 4. When developing a PICO question, what does the ‘O’ represent?
A. Option for treatment.
B. Observation period.
C. Organization involved.
D. Outcome of interest.
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: In the PICO format, O stands for Outcome, which is the specific
effect or result the clinician is measuring.
5. Which level of evidence is considered the highest in the traditional evidence hierarchy?
A. Case-control studies.
B. Single randomized controlled trial (RCT).
C. Systematic reviews or meta-analyses of all relevant RCTs.
D. Expert opinion and consensus reports.
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are at the top of the
hierarchy because they synthesize findings from multiple high-quality studies to provide
the strongest evidence.
AND SAFETY THROUGH EVIDENCE
BASED PRACTICE
1. Which of the following is the primary distinguishing factor between Nursing Research and
Quality Improvement (QI)?
A. Research findings are never disseminated, but QI findings must be published in peer-
reviewed journals.
B. Research uses qualitative methods while QI uses strictly quantitative methods.
C. Research requires a control group whereas QI does not require any data collection.
D. Research is designed to generate new knowledge for the profession, while QI is designed
to improve processes within a specific clinical setting.
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The fundamental difference is scope and intent: research aims
for generalizable knowledge, whereas QI aims for localized improvements in patient care
outcomes.
,2. In the Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice, what is the initial step for a clinician?
A. Critique and synthesize the evidence.
B. Identify a knowledge-focused or problem-focused trigger.
C. Formulate a PICO(T) question.
D. Design and pilot a practice change.
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: The Iowa Model starts with identifying triggers, which can be
knowledge-focused (e.g., new standards) or problem-focused (e.g., high incidence of falls).
3. A nurse identifies a ‘near miss’ where a medication error was caught before reaching the
patient. According to Just Culture principles, how should the organization respond?
A. Discipline the nurse to ensure it does not happen again.
B. Keep the event confidential to protect the facility’s reputation.
C. Terminate the nurse immediately because of the potential for harm.
D. Analyze the system vulnerabilities that allowed the near miss to occur without
punishing the individual for a human error.
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Just Culture focuses on identifying system failures rather than
blaming individuals for unintentional human errors, encouraging reporting to improve
safety.
, 4. When developing a PICO question, what does the ‘O’ represent?
A. Option for treatment.
B. Observation period.
C. Organization involved.
D. Outcome of interest.
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: In the PICO format, O stands for Outcome, which is the specific
effect or result the clinician is measuring.
5. Which level of evidence is considered the highest in the traditional evidence hierarchy?
A. Case-control studies.
B. Single randomized controlled trial (RCT).
C. Systematic reviews or meta-analyses of all relevant RCTs.
D. Expert opinion and consensus reports.
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are at the top of the
hierarchy because they synthesize findings from multiple high-quality studies to provide
the strongest evidence.
