TEST BANK FORb b
McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
b b b b b b b b b b b b
9th Edition by Julia Rogers
b b b b b
Chapter 1-49 b
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
b b b
Rogers: McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology, 9th Edition
b b b b b b
MULTIPLE CHOICE b
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
b b b b b b b b b
a. Cells can produce proteins. b b b
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. b b b b
c. Cells can take in and use nutrients. b b b b b b
d. Cells can synthesize fats. b b b
ANS: C b
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular metabolic
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
absorption.
b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
b b b b b b b b b b b b
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS: C b
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
The mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
b b b b b b b b b b
Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes function as
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
the intracellular digestive system.
b b b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
b b b b b b b b b
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B b
, Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2, which is a
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes.
b b b b b b b b b b b b
Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus
b b b b b b b b b b b
and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids,
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched off from the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
cellular membrane.
b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
injury?
b
a. Ribosome
b. Golgi complex b
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum b b
d. Lysosomes
ANS: D b
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes
b b b b b b b b b b b b
within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self-
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
digestion. The chief function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. The
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Golgi complex is a network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often located near the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
cell nucleus. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid hormone production and
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
removing toxic substances from the cell.
b b b b b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
b b b b b b b
a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction b b b b b b
b. Secretion of cortisol b b
c. Increased retention of water b b b
d. Breakdown of fat b b
ANS: C b
Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes increases
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to ACTH. Breakdown of fat is
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
due to glucagon.
b b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
b b b b b b b b b
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS: B b
, The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the period
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
= synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during which
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as
b b b b b b b b b b
receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
b b b b b b b b b b b
a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS: C b
Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes,
b b b b b b b b b b b
and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the ―glue‖ holding cell membranes
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
together. Proteases cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are involved in cellular
b b b b b b b b b b b b
protection and lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation.
b b b b b b b b b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades may be useful in designing drug b b b b b b b b b b b b
b therapy for which human diseases?
b b b b
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders b b b
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders b b b
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders b b b
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders b b b
ANS: B b
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug b b b b b b b b b b b b
interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases,
b b b b b b b b b b
including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular,
b b b b b b b b
gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine disorders do not involve this process.
b b b b b b b b b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
b b b b b b b b b b
b membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains b
b. Glycoprotein channels b
c. Membrane channel proteins b b
d. Lipid bilayer b
ANS: D b
, The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma membrane. It is
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because the
b b b b b b b b b b b b
water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier to the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as
b b b b b b b b b b b b
oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through it readily.
b b b b b b b b b b b
Carbohydrate chains, glycoprotein channels, and membrane channel proteins do not prevent b b b b b b b b b b
water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the cell membrane.
b b b b b b b b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
10. A student asks for an explanation of the absolute refractory period of the action potential.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
What response by the professor is best?
b b b b b b b
a. A stronger than normal impulse will evoke another response.
b b b b b b b b
b. No stimulus is able to evoke another response at this time.
b b b b b b b b b b
c. Multiple stimuli can produce more rapid action potentials. b b b b b b b
d. The hyperpolarized state means a weaker stimulus produces a response.
b b b b b b b b b
ANS: B b
During the absolute refractory state of the action potential, no stimulus is able to evoke another
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
response from the cell. A stronger than normal impulse may generate a response in the relative
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
refractory period. This period of time is not related to the number of stimuli. A hyperpolarized
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
state means a stronger than normal stimulus would be needed to generate a response.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
11. Which form of cell communication is used to within the cell itself and with other cells in direct
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
physical contact?
b b
a. Protein channel (gap junction) b b b
b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules b b b
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters b b b b
d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands b b b b b
ANS: B b
Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane-bound signaling
b b b b b b b b b b
molecules that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact with it, they affect
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
receptor proteins inside the target cell, and they form protein channels (gap junctions) that
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
directly coordinate the activities of adjacent cells. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
cross the synaptic cleft to communicate with the cells they innervate. Ligands are involved in
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
binding processes.
b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some
b b b b b b b b b b b b
b distance away? b
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
ANS: D b
McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
b b b b b b b b b b b b
9th Edition by Julia Rogers
b b b b b
Chapter 1-49 b
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
b b b
Rogers: McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology, 9th Edition
b b b b b b
MULTIPLE CHOICE b
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
b b b b b b b b b
a. Cells can produce proteins. b b b
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. b b b b
c. Cells can take in and use nutrients. b b b b b b
d. Cells can synthesize fats. b b b
ANS: C b
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular metabolic
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
absorption.
b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
b b b b b b b b b b b b
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS: C b
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
The mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
b b b b b b b b b b
Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes function as
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
the intracellular digestive system.
b b b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
b b b b b b b b b
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B b
, Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2, which is a
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes.
b b b b b b b b b b b b
Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus
b b b b b b b b b b b
and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids,
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched off from the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
cellular membrane.
b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
injury?
b
a. Ribosome
b. Golgi complex b
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum b b
d. Lysosomes
ANS: D b
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes
b b b b b b b b b b b b
within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self-
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
digestion. The chief function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. The
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Golgi complex is a network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often located near the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
cell nucleus. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid hormone production and
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
removing toxic substances from the cell.
b b b b b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
b b b b b b b
a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction b b b b b b
b. Secretion of cortisol b b
c. Increased retention of water b b b
d. Breakdown of fat b b
ANS: C b
Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes increases
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to ACTH. Breakdown of fat is
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
due to glucagon.
b b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
b b b b b b b b b
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS: B b
, The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the period
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
= synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during which
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as
b b b b b b b b b b
receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
b b b b b b b b b b b
a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS: C b
Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes,
b b b b b b b b b b b
and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the ―glue‖ holding cell membranes
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
together. Proteases cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are involved in cellular
b b b b b b b b b b b b
protection and lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation.
b b b b b b b b b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades may be useful in designing drug b b b b b b b b b b b b
b therapy for which human diseases?
b b b b
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders b b b
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders b b b
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders b b b
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders b b b
ANS: B b
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug b b b b b b b b b b b b
interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases,
b b b b b b b b b b
including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular,
b b b b b b b b
gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine disorders do not involve this process.
b b b b b b b b b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
b b b b b b b b b b
b membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains b
b. Glycoprotein channels b
c. Membrane channel proteins b b
d. Lipid bilayer b
ANS: D b
, The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma membrane. It is
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because the
b b b b b b b b b b b b
water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier to the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as
b b b b b b b b b b b b
oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through it readily.
b b b b b b b b b b b
Carbohydrate chains, glycoprotein channels, and membrane channel proteins do not prevent b b b b b b b b b b
water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the cell membrane.
b b b b b b b b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
10. A student asks for an explanation of the absolute refractory period of the action potential.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
What response by the professor is best?
b b b b b b b
a. A stronger than normal impulse will evoke another response.
b b b b b b b b
b. No stimulus is able to evoke another response at this time.
b b b b b b b b b b
c. Multiple stimuli can produce more rapid action potentials. b b b b b b b
d. The hyperpolarized state means a weaker stimulus produces a response.
b b b b b b b b b
ANS: B b
During the absolute refractory state of the action potential, no stimulus is able to evoke another
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
response from the cell. A stronger than normal impulse may generate a response in the relative
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
refractory period. This period of time is not related to the number of stimuli. A hyperpolarized
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
state means a stronger than normal stimulus would be needed to generate a response.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
11. Which form of cell communication is used to within the cell itself and with other cells in direct
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
physical contact?
b b
a. Protein channel (gap junction) b b b
b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules b b b
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters b b b b
d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands b b b b b
ANS: B b
Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane-bound signaling
b b b b b b b b b b
molecules that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact with it, they affect
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
receptor proteins inside the target cell, and they form protein channels (gap junctions) that
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
directly coordinate the activities of adjacent cells. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
cross the synaptic cleft to communicate with the cells they innervate. Ligands are involved in
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
binding processes.
b b
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b b
12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some
b b b b b b b b b b b b
b distance away? b
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
ANS: D b
