KUBY IMMUNOLOGY COVID 19 DIGITAL
UPDATE 2026 B CELL AND T CELL
RESPONSES ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
NOTES SET
◉ Which influenza types can cause pandemics?
Answer: Influenza A
◉ Which influenza type causes epidemics but not pandemics?
Answer: Influenza B
◉ Which influenza type generally causes mild disease without
epidemics?
Answer: Influenza C
◉ What influenza type primarily infects cattle?
Answer: Influenza D
◉ What are the initial symptoms of influenza caused largely by
cytokine release?
Answer: Fever, chills, malaise, and muscle aches
, ◉ What is the incubation period of influenza?
Answer: Typically 1-3 days
◉ What is the primary site of influenza infection in the respiratory
tract?
Answer: The tracheobronchial tree and nasopharynx
◉ How does influenza destroy respiratory defense mechanisms?
Answer: It destroys ciliated epithelial cells, impairing mucociliary
clearance.
◉ What severe inflammatory syndrome can occur during influenza
infection?
Answer: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or
cytokine storm
◉ What laboratory test is most accurate for detecting influenza viral
RNA?
Answer: RT-PCR
◉ What test is considered the gold standard but is slow and
expensive for influenza diagnosis?
UPDATE 2026 B CELL AND T CELL
RESPONSES ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
NOTES SET
◉ Which influenza types can cause pandemics?
Answer: Influenza A
◉ Which influenza type causes epidemics but not pandemics?
Answer: Influenza B
◉ Which influenza type generally causes mild disease without
epidemics?
Answer: Influenza C
◉ What influenza type primarily infects cattle?
Answer: Influenza D
◉ What are the initial symptoms of influenza caused largely by
cytokine release?
Answer: Fever, chills, malaise, and muscle aches
, ◉ What is the incubation period of influenza?
Answer: Typically 1-3 days
◉ What is the primary site of influenza infection in the respiratory
tract?
Answer: The tracheobronchial tree and nasopharynx
◉ How does influenza destroy respiratory defense mechanisms?
Answer: It destroys ciliated epithelial cells, impairing mucociliary
clearance.
◉ What severe inflammatory syndrome can occur during influenza
infection?
Answer: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or
cytokine storm
◉ What laboratory test is most accurate for detecting influenza viral
RNA?
Answer: RT-PCR
◉ What test is considered the gold standard but is slow and
expensive for influenza diagnosis?
