WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPLETE EXAM REVIEW WITH FULL
SOLUTIONS
●● Intracellular Fluid
Answer: fluid inside of the cell, 2/3 of body weight
- mainly in muscle cells
●● Extracellular Fluid
Answer: fluid outside of the cell, 1/3 of bodily fluids
- blood vessels
- skin tissues
- spinal cord
●● Diffusion
Answer: Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration
to an area of lower concentration.
●● Osmosis
Answer: movement of fluid from an area of lower solute concentration
to a higher concentration
,●● Filtration
Answer: water and solute movement occurs from an area of high
hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure
●● Osmolality
Answer: the number of osmotically active particles per kg of water
●● Hypertonic
Answer: osmolality greater than 300.
●● Hypotonic
Answer: osmolality less than 300.
- osmotic pressure is more significant in the body
- fluids pulled from body into cell
●● An isotonic solution
Answer: 0.09% normal saline
●● Interferons (IFNs)
Answer: type of cytokine that signals cells to increase anti-viral
defenses.
- are released by cells that are infected with a virus, causing other cells
to become resistant to the virus
,- play a role in tumor suppression
●● Hypervolemia
Answer: fluid volume overload
●● Edema
Answer: swelling of soft tissues because of excess fluid accumulation
●● Causes of edema include:
Answer: -Increased hydrostatic (water) pressure
- Manifestation: High BP and pitting edema
- Renal Failure, Heart Failure
- Decreased colloid osmotic pressure
- low albumin
- cirrhosis, starvation
- bacteria infections/burns
- obstruction of lymphatic system (cancer or infection)
●● Symptoms of edema include:
Answer: - weight gain
- hypertension
- jugular vein distention
, - ALOC (altered level of consciousness)
- weakness
- increased urine output / or decreased in patients with renal failure
- Rapid RR (resp rate)
- shallow RR
- fluid in lungs
- diarrhea, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), ascites
- low lab values
●● Hypovolemia
Answer: fluid volume deficit
●● Symptoms of hypovolemia include:
Answer: - vomiting
- diarrhea
- hot body & sweating
- fever
- heat stroke
- thyroid crisis
- urination
●● diabetes insipidus (DI)
COMPLETE EXAM REVIEW WITH FULL
SOLUTIONS
●● Intracellular Fluid
Answer: fluid inside of the cell, 2/3 of body weight
- mainly in muscle cells
●● Extracellular Fluid
Answer: fluid outside of the cell, 1/3 of bodily fluids
- blood vessels
- skin tissues
- spinal cord
●● Diffusion
Answer: Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration
to an area of lower concentration.
●● Osmosis
Answer: movement of fluid from an area of lower solute concentration
to a higher concentration
,●● Filtration
Answer: water and solute movement occurs from an area of high
hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure
●● Osmolality
Answer: the number of osmotically active particles per kg of water
●● Hypertonic
Answer: osmolality greater than 300.
●● Hypotonic
Answer: osmolality less than 300.
- osmotic pressure is more significant in the body
- fluids pulled from body into cell
●● An isotonic solution
Answer: 0.09% normal saline
●● Interferons (IFNs)
Answer: type of cytokine that signals cells to increase anti-viral
defenses.
- are released by cells that are infected with a virus, causing other cells
to become resistant to the virus
,- play a role in tumor suppression
●● Hypervolemia
Answer: fluid volume overload
●● Edema
Answer: swelling of soft tissues because of excess fluid accumulation
●● Causes of edema include:
Answer: -Increased hydrostatic (water) pressure
- Manifestation: High BP and pitting edema
- Renal Failure, Heart Failure
- Decreased colloid osmotic pressure
- low albumin
- cirrhosis, starvation
- bacteria infections/burns
- obstruction of lymphatic system (cancer or infection)
●● Symptoms of edema include:
Answer: - weight gain
- hypertension
- jugular vein distention
, - ALOC (altered level of consciousness)
- weakness
- increased urine output / or decreased in patients with renal failure
- Rapid RR (resp rate)
- shallow RR
- fluid in lungs
- diarrhea, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), ascites
- low lab values
●● Hypovolemia
Answer: fluid volume deficit
●● Symptoms of hypovolemia include:
Answer: - vomiting
- diarrhea
- hot body & sweating
- fever
- heat stroke
- thyroid crisis
- urination
●● diabetes insipidus (DI)
