KAPLAN AND SADOCK’S SYNOPSIS OF
PSYCHIATRY FINAL PAPER 2026 EXAM Q&A
STUDY GUIDE COMPLETE SOLUTION
◉1. Scientific Foundation
What is the primary purpose of the corpus callosum?
To connect the right and left hemispheres and facilitate
sensorimotor information exchange
To allow for multimodal sensory input and trigger memories
To coordinate movement of multiple muscles
To control voluntary motor movement, working memory, and
behavioral cueing. Answer: Correct answer: To connect the right and
left hemispheres and facilitate sensorimotor information exchange
The corpus callosum is a large bundle of white matter that connects
the right and left hemispheres and provides an area of sensorimotor
information exchange.
Reference:
Johnson, K., & Vanderhoef, D. Psychiatric-mental health nurse
practitioner review and resource manual, Fourth Edition. Pg 65.
,◉1. Scientific Foundation
When assessing for genetic influences, the PHMNP understands
which of the following about single nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNPs)?
Single-gene disorders are common
SNPs detect single-base changes during the DNA-sequencing process
To be classified as an SNP, the variant must be found in 10% of the
population
SNPs are the rarest type of genetic variation among humans.
Answer: Correct answer: SNPs detect single-base changes during the
DNA-sequencing process
Single nucleotide polymorphisms detect single-base changes during
DNA sequencing. SNPs are the most common gene variant in the
population and must occur in 1% of the population to be considered
an SNP.
Reference:
Johnson, K., Vanderhoef, D. (2016). Psychiatric-mental health nurse
practitioner, 4th edition. Pg 75.
◉1. Scientific Foundation
Systemic effects of hypernatremia include which of the following?
Restlessness
Confusion
Apprehension
,Lethargy. Answer: Correct answer: Restlessness
Systemic effects of hyponatremia include confusion, apprehension,
and lethargy.
Reference:
Johnson, K., Vanderhoef, D. (2016). Psychiatric-mental health nurse
practitioner, 4th edition. Pg 91.
◉1. Scientific Foundation
Which of the following amino acids is implicated in bipolar disorder,
seizures, and schizophrenia?
Aspartate
Glycine
Glutamate
GABA. Answer: Correct answer: Glutamate
Glutamate is also known as the universal excitatory
neurotransmitter and has been connected to bipolar disorder,
seizures, mood imbalance, and schizophrenia.
Aspartate is another excitatory neurotransmitter and works in
conjunction with glutamate. GABA and glycine are inhibitory
neurotransmitters.
Reference:
Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Review and Resource
Manual, 4th Edition. Pg 69.
, ◉1. Scientific Foundation
A 29-year-old African American female was diagnosed with
schizophrenia approximately three years ago. After many trials of
antipsychotics, she was finally stabilized on haloperidol during the
past six months. Three weeks ago she began exhibiting mild pseudo-
Parkinson's symptoms.
Which class of medications would be most appropriate for treating
these side effects?
Muscarinic 1 antagonist
Histamine 1 antagonist
Alpha 1 adrenergic agonist
Cholinesterase inhibitor. Answer: Correct answer: Muscarinic 1
antagonist
Extrapyramidal symptoms are drug-induced side effects that affect
motor functioning and muscle movement. Extrapyramidal
symptoms are associated with a deficiency of dopamine and an
excess of acetylcholine in the nigrostriatal pathway. A common type
of extrapyramidal symptom is called pseudo-Parkinson's, which
presents with a shuffling gait, motor slowing, mask-like facial
expression, tremors, and muscle rigidity. Muscarinic 1 antagonist
medications reduce the effects of excess acetylcholine and relieve
extrapyramidal symptoms.
Reference:
Johnson, K., & Vanderhoef, D. Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse
Practitioner Review Manual, Fourth Edition. Pg 251-252.
PSYCHIATRY FINAL PAPER 2026 EXAM Q&A
STUDY GUIDE COMPLETE SOLUTION
◉1. Scientific Foundation
What is the primary purpose of the corpus callosum?
To connect the right and left hemispheres and facilitate
sensorimotor information exchange
To allow for multimodal sensory input and trigger memories
To coordinate movement of multiple muscles
To control voluntary motor movement, working memory, and
behavioral cueing. Answer: Correct answer: To connect the right and
left hemispheres and facilitate sensorimotor information exchange
The corpus callosum is a large bundle of white matter that connects
the right and left hemispheres and provides an area of sensorimotor
information exchange.
Reference:
Johnson, K., & Vanderhoef, D. Psychiatric-mental health nurse
practitioner review and resource manual, Fourth Edition. Pg 65.
,◉1. Scientific Foundation
When assessing for genetic influences, the PHMNP understands
which of the following about single nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNPs)?
Single-gene disorders are common
SNPs detect single-base changes during the DNA-sequencing process
To be classified as an SNP, the variant must be found in 10% of the
population
SNPs are the rarest type of genetic variation among humans.
Answer: Correct answer: SNPs detect single-base changes during the
DNA-sequencing process
Single nucleotide polymorphisms detect single-base changes during
DNA sequencing. SNPs are the most common gene variant in the
population and must occur in 1% of the population to be considered
an SNP.
Reference:
Johnson, K., Vanderhoef, D. (2016). Psychiatric-mental health nurse
practitioner, 4th edition. Pg 75.
◉1. Scientific Foundation
Systemic effects of hypernatremia include which of the following?
Restlessness
Confusion
Apprehension
,Lethargy. Answer: Correct answer: Restlessness
Systemic effects of hyponatremia include confusion, apprehension,
and lethargy.
Reference:
Johnson, K., Vanderhoef, D. (2016). Psychiatric-mental health nurse
practitioner, 4th edition. Pg 91.
◉1. Scientific Foundation
Which of the following amino acids is implicated in bipolar disorder,
seizures, and schizophrenia?
Aspartate
Glycine
Glutamate
GABA. Answer: Correct answer: Glutamate
Glutamate is also known as the universal excitatory
neurotransmitter and has been connected to bipolar disorder,
seizures, mood imbalance, and schizophrenia.
Aspartate is another excitatory neurotransmitter and works in
conjunction with glutamate. GABA and glycine are inhibitory
neurotransmitters.
Reference:
Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Review and Resource
Manual, 4th Edition. Pg 69.
, ◉1. Scientific Foundation
A 29-year-old African American female was diagnosed with
schizophrenia approximately three years ago. After many trials of
antipsychotics, she was finally stabilized on haloperidol during the
past six months. Three weeks ago she began exhibiting mild pseudo-
Parkinson's symptoms.
Which class of medications would be most appropriate for treating
these side effects?
Muscarinic 1 antagonist
Histamine 1 antagonist
Alpha 1 adrenergic agonist
Cholinesterase inhibitor. Answer: Correct answer: Muscarinic 1
antagonist
Extrapyramidal symptoms are drug-induced side effects that affect
motor functioning and muscle movement. Extrapyramidal
symptoms are associated with a deficiency of dopamine and an
excess of acetylcholine in the nigrostriatal pathway. A common type
of extrapyramidal symptom is called pseudo-Parkinson's, which
presents with a shuffling gait, motor slowing, mask-like facial
expression, tremors, and muscle rigidity. Muscarinic 1 antagonist
medications reduce the effects of excess acetylcholine and relieve
extrapyramidal symptoms.
Reference:
Johnson, K., & Vanderhoef, D. Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse
Practitioner Review Manual, Fourth Edition. Pg 251-252.
