HUMAN HEREDITY PRINCIPLES AND
ISSUES EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS FULL SOLUTION PREMIUM
LEARNING RESOURCE
●● Aneuploidy
Answer: a condition in which a cell has an abnormal number of
chromosomes (e.g., trisomy, monosomy).
●● Autosome
Answer: any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
●● Cancer gene (oncogene / tumor suppressor gene)
Answer: gene that when mutated can lead to cancer; oncogenes promote
growth, tumor suppressor genes inhibit growth.
●● Centromere
Answer: constricted region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are
joined and spindle fibers attach.
●● Chromatid
Answer: one of the two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome.
,●● Chromosomal mutation
Answer: large-scale mutation affecting chromosome structure (deletions,
duplications, inversions, translocations).
●● Chromosome
Answer: structure of DNA and protein in the cell nucleus, contains many
genes.
●● Codon
Answer: sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for one
amino acid.
●● Codominance
Answer: inheritance pattern where both alleles are fully expressed in
heterozygote (e.g., blood type AB).
●● Crossing over
Answer: exchange of genetic material between homologous
chromosomes during meiosis, increases genetic variation.
●● Dominant allele
Answer: allele which expresses its trait even if only one copy is present.
, ●● DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
Answer: molecule that stores genetic information in units called genes.
●● DNA polymerase
Answer: enzyme that adds nucleotides to growing DNA strand during
DNA replication.
●● Epigenetics
Answer: heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve
changes in the DNA sequence (e.g. methylation, histone modification).
●● Expression (gene expression)
Answer: process by which information from gene is used to produce a
functional product (like a protein).
●● Frameshift mutation
Answer: insertion or deletion of nucleotides that shifts the reading
frame, altering downstream amino acids.
●● Gene
Answer: segment of DNA that codes for a trait or protein.
ISSUES EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS FULL SOLUTION PREMIUM
LEARNING RESOURCE
●● Aneuploidy
Answer: a condition in which a cell has an abnormal number of
chromosomes (e.g., trisomy, monosomy).
●● Autosome
Answer: any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
●● Cancer gene (oncogene / tumor suppressor gene)
Answer: gene that when mutated can lead to cancer; oncogenes promote
growth, tumor suppressor genes inhibit growth.
●● Centromere
Answer: constricted region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are
joined and spindle fibers attach.
●● Chromatid
Answer: one of the two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome.
,●● Chromosomal mutation
Answer: large-scale mutation affecting chromosome structure (deletions,
duplications, inversions, translocations).
●● Chromosome
Answer: structure of DNA and protein in the cell nucleus, contains many
genes.
●● Codon
Answer: sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for one
amino acid.
●● Codominance
Answer: inheritance pattern where both alleles are fully expressed in
heterozygote (e.g., blood type AB).
●● Crossing over
Answer: exchange of genetic material between homologous
chromosomes during meiosis, increases genetic variation.
●● Dominant allele
Answer: allele which expresses its trait even if only one copy is present.
, ●● DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
Answer: molecule that stores genetic information in units called genes.
●● DNA polymerase
Answer: enzyme that adds nucleotides to growing DNA strand during
DNA replication.
●● Epigenetics
Answer: heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve
changes in the DNA sequence (e.g. methylation, histone modification).
●● Expression (gene expression)
Answer: process by which information from gene is used to produce a
functional product (like a protein).
●● Frameshift mutation
Answer: insertion or deletion of nucleotides that shifts the reading
frame, altering downstream amino acids.
●● Gene
Answer: segment of DNA that codes for a trait or protein.
