BOARD REVIEW
A test pattern, such as the TG 18-CT test pattern, is used The Correct Answer is: B
to qualitatively evaluate The TG 18-CT test pattern is used to qualitatively evaluate the luminance
(A) Radiographic film-screen contact response of a digital display monitor (B). Luminance response refers to the
(B) The luminance response of a digital display monitor comparison of input to the display device and the actual displayed luminance
(C) The X-ray exposure field alignment value. The displayed luminance value varies between L min and L max and is
(D) The exposure rate in an X-ray beam impacted by ambient light as well (L amb ). The pattern in TG 18-CT testing
device includes 16 low-contrast targets that should be visible on the display.
The test pattern should be viewed from a distance of approximately 30 cm.
One frequent observation is inability to visualize one or more shades in the
darker regions. Radiographic film-screen (A) contact is evaluated by exposing
a wire mesh screen on top of a conventional radiographic cassette holding an
unexposed film. Any blurred areas of the wire mesh would indicate that there is
poor film-screen contact in that particular area. The X-ray exposure field
alignment (C) can be tested by using a square or rectangular leaded test
pattern. An exposure is made with this test pattern device positioned on top of
the receptor with collimator light field adjusted to match the size of the test
pattern. The resultant image is then inspected to determine if the X-ray
exposure field is congruent with the borders of the test pattern. The exposure
rate (D) in an X-ray beam is measured with a calibrated radiation dosimeter that
contains an ionization chamber or photodiode. (Bushong, 9 th ed., p. 482)
Which of the following errors is illustrated in Figure 4- The radiograph shown demonstrates a 1.5-in. unexposed strip along the length
15? of the film. This occurred because, although the patient was centered correctly
to the collimator light and x-ray field, the x-ray tube was not centered to the
grid. If the patient was off-center, the entire image would be exposed, and the
patient's spine would be off-center. Grid cutoff would not appear as such a
(A) Patient not centered to IR sharply delineated line but rather as a gradually decreasing density
(B) X-ray tube not centered to grid
(C) Inaccurate collimation
(D)Unilateral grid cutoff
One reason why only one image is preferred per image The Correct Answer is: B
plate is: Exposing only one image on one image plate does not ensure proper
centering (A). This is a technical skill required of the radiographer to ensure the
(A) To ensure that the anatomical part is properly anatomical part is properly centered. One reason to collect only one image
centered to avoid undercutting of the image per IP (B) is the ability of the radiologist to then split the PACS monitor and
display the current image and the prior image side by side for comparison.
(B) To allow the radiologist to split the PACS monitor Radiation safety is not optimized by exposing one image on one imaging plate.
and display the current image and a prior image side- The required number of projections (exposures) is required, regardless (C). Grid
by-side for comparison cutoff artifacts can occur with faulty tube/image receptor alignment or
improper SID for any radiographic exposure, regardless of the number of
(C) To ensure optimal radiation safety, since only one projections taken on an image plate (D). (Seeram, 1 st ed., p. 93)
image is exposed on one image plate
(D) To reduce the chances of grid cutoff artifacts
,BOARD REVIEW
A part whose width is 6 inches will be imaged at 44 The Correct Answer is: A
inches SID. The part to be imaged lies 9 inches from the As the object-to-image receptor distance (OID) increases, magnification of that
IR. What will be the projected image width of the part? object increases. Depending upon the information provided, we can determine
the magnification factor, the percentage magnification, and image width. In the
A stated scenario, we are looking for image width. The formula used to determine
8 inches image width is:
B
10 inches Substituting known factors the equation becomes:
C iw/ow=SID/SOD
12 inches
X/6=44/35
D
20 inches 35x = 254
x = 7.5 inches projected image width
The relationship between the ends of fractured long The Correct Answer is: B
bones is referred to as Various terms are used to describe the position of fractured ends of long
bones. The term apposition is used to describe the alignment, or misalignment,
between the ends of fractured long bones. The term angulation describes the
A direction of misalignment. The term luxation refers to a dislocation. A sprain
angulation refers to a wrenched articulation with ligament injury. (Bontrager and
Lampignano, 6th ed., p. 600)
B
apposition
C
luxation
D
sprain
Which of the following radiologic procedures requires The Correct Answer is: B
that a contrast medium be injected into the renal pelvis Retrograde urography requires ureteral catheterization so that a contrast
via a catheter placed within the ureter? medium can be introduced directly into the pelvicalyceal system. This
procedure provides excellent opacification and structural information but does
not demonstrate the function of these structures. IV studies such as the IVU
A demonstrate function. Cystourethrography is an examination of the bladder
Nephrotomography and urethra, frequently performed during voiding. Nephrotomography is
performed after IV administration of a contrast agent; it may be used to
B evaluate small intrarenal lesions and renal hypertension. (Frank, Long, and
Retrograde urography Smith, 11th ed., vol. 2, p. 228)
C
Cystourethrography
D
IVU
, BOARD REVIEW
Examples of synovial pivot articulations include the The Correct Answer is: B
atlantoaxial joint Synovial pivot joints are diarthrotic, that is, freely movable. Pivot joints permit
radioulnar joint rotation motion. Examples include the proximal radioulnar joint that permits
temporomandibular joint supination and pronation of the hand. The atlantoaxial joint is the articulation
A between C1 and C2 and permits rotation of the head. The temporomandibular
1 only joint is diarthrotic, having both hinge and planar movements. (Tortora and
Derrickson, 11th ed., p. 269)
B
1 and 2 only
C
2 and 3 only
D
1, 2, and 3 only
What angle is formed by the median sagittal plane and The Correct Answer is: C
the IR in the parieto-orbital projection (Rhese method) In the parieto-orbital projection, the patient is PA with the acanthomeatal line
of the optic canal? perpendicular to the IR. The head rests on the zygoma, nose, and chin, and the
MSP should form a 53° angle with the IR (37° with the central ray).
Radiographically, the optic canal should appear in the lower outer quadrant of
A the orbit. Incorrect rotation of the MSP results in lateral displacement, and
90° incorrect positioning of the baseline results in longitudinal displacement.
B
37°
C
53°
D
45°
An axial projection of the clavicle is often helpful in The correct answer is (B).
demonstrating a fracture that is not visualized using a With the patient positioned erect or supine, the CR is directed cephalad 25 to
perpendicular CR. When examining the clavicle in the 30°. This serves to project the clavicle away from the pulmonary apices and
PA axial projection, how should the Central Raby ribs, projecting most of the clavicle above the thorax. The reverse is true when
directed? the patient is examined for the PA axial projection. The PA and PA axial
projections can be useful for better detail because of the reduced OID
A
Cephalad
B
Caudad
C
Medially
D
Laterally
A test pattern, such as the TG 18-CT test pattern, is used The Correct Answer is: B
to qualitatively evaluate The TG 18-CT test pattern is used to qualitatively evaluate the luminance
(A) Radiographic film-screen contact response of a digital display monitor (B). Luminance response refers to the
(B) The luminance response of a digital display monitor comparison of input to the display device and the actual displayed luminance
(C) The X-ray exposure field alignment value. The displayed luminance value varies between L min and L max and is
(D) The exposure rate in an X-ray beam impacted by ambient light as well (L amb ). The pattern in TG 18-CT testing
device includes 16 low-contrast targets that should be visible on the display.
The test pattern should be viewed from a distance of approximately 30 cm.
One frequent observation is inability to visualize one or more shades in the
darker regions. Radiographic film-screen (A) contact is evaluated by exposing
a wire mesh screen on top of a conventional radiographic cassette holding an
unexposed film. Any blurred areas of the wire mesh would indicate that there is
poor film-screen contact in that particular area. The X-ray exposure field
alignment (C) can be tested by using a square or rectangular leaded test
pattern. An exposure is made with this test pattern device positioned on top of
the receptor with collimator light field adjusted to match the size of the test
pattern. The resultant image is then inspected to determine if the X-ray
exposure field is congruent with the borders of the test pattern. The exposure
rate (D) in an X-ray beam is measured with a calibrated radiation dosimeter that
contains an ionization chamber or photodiode. (Bushong, 9 th ed., p. 482)
Which of the following errors is illustrated in Figure 4- The radiograph shown demonstrates a 1.5-in. unexposed strip along the length
15? of the film. This occurred because, although the patient was centered correctly
to the collimator light and x-ray field, the x-ray tube was not centered to the
grid. If the patient was off-center, the entire image would be exposed, and the
patient's spine would be off-center. Grid cutoff would not appear as such a
(A) Patient not centered to IR sharply delineated line but rather as a gradually decreasing density
(B) X-ray tube not centered to grid
(C) Inaccurate collimation
(D)Unilateral grid cutoff
One reason why only one image is preferred per image The Correct Answer is: B
plate is: Exposing only one image on one image plate does not ensure proper
centering (A). This is a technical skill required of the radiographer to ensure the
(A) To ensure that the anatomical part is properly anatomical part is properly centered. One reason to collect only one image
centered to avoid undercutting of the image per IP (B) is the ability of the radiologist to then split the PACS monitor and
display the current image and the prior image side by side for comparison.
(B) To allow the radiologist to split the PACS monitor Radiation safety is not optimized by exposing one image on one imaging plate.
and display the current image and a prior image side- The required number of projections (exposures) is required, regardless (C). Grid
by-side for comparison cutoff artifacts can occur with faulty tube/image receptor alignment or
improper SID for any radiographic exposure, regardless of the number of
(C) To ensure optimal radiation safety, since only one projections taken on an image plate (D). (Seeram, 1 st ed., p. 93)
image is exposed on one image plate
(D) To reduce the chances of grid cutoff artifacts
,BOARD REVIEW
A part whose width is 6 inches will be imaged at 44 The Correct Answer is: A
inches SID. The part to be imaged lies 9 inches from the As the object-to-image receptor distance (OID) increases, magnification of that
IR. What will be the projected image width of the part? object increases. Depending upon the information provided, we can determine
the magnification factor, the percentage magnification, and image width. In the
A stated scenario, we are looking for image width. The formula used to determine
8 inches image width is:
B
10 inches Substituting known factors the equation becomes:
C iw/ow=SID/SOD
12 inches
X/6=44/35
D
20 inches 35x = 254
x = 7.5 inches projected image width
The relationship between the ends of fractured long The Correct Answer is: B
bones is referred to as Various terms are used to describe the position of fractured ends of long
bones. The term apposition is used to describe the alignment, or misalignment,
between the ends of fractured long bones. The term angulation describes the
A direction of misalignment. The term luxation refers to a dislocation. A sprain
angulation refers to a wrenched articulation with ligament injury. (Bontrager and
Lampignano, 6th ed., p. 600)
B
apposition
C
luxation
D
sprain
Which of the following radiologic procedures requires The Correct Answer is: B
that a contrast medium be injected into the renal pelvis Retrograde urography requires ureteral catheterization so that a contrast
via a catheter placed within the ureter? medium can be introduced directly into the pelvicalyceal system. This
procedure provides excellent opacification and structural information but does
not demonstrate the function of these structures. IV studies such as the IVU
A demonstrate function. Cystourethrography is an examination of the bladder
Nephrotomography and urethra, frequently performed during voiding. Nephrotomography is
performed after IV administration of a contrast agent; it may be used to
B evaluate small intrarenal lesions and renal hypertension. (Frank, Long, and
Retrograde urography Smith, 11th ed., vol. 2, p. 228)
C
Cystourethrography
D
IVU
, BOARD REVIEW
Examples of synovial pivot articulations include the The Correct Answer is: B
atlantoaxial joint Synovial pivot joints are diarthrotic, that is, freely movable. Pivot joints permit
radioulnar joint rotation motion. Examples include the proximal radioulnar joint that permits
temporomandibular joint supination and pronation of the hand. The atlantoaxial joint is the articulation
A between C1 and C2 and permits rotation of the head. The temporomandibular
1 only joint is diarthrotic, having both hinge and planar movements. (Tortora and
Derrickson, 11th ed., p. 269)
B
1 and 2 only
C
2 and 3 only
D
1, 2, and 3 only
What angle is formed by the median sagittal plane and The Correct Answer is: C
the IR in the parieto-orbital projection (Rhese method) In the parieto-orbital projection, the patient is PA with the acanthomeatal line
of the optic canal? perpendicular to the IR. The head rests on the zygoma, nose, and chin, and the
MSP should form a 53° angle with the IR (37° with the central ray).
Radiographically, the optic canal should appear in the lower outer quadrant of
A the orbit. Incorrect rotation of the MSP results in lateral displacement, and
90° incorrect positioning of the baseline results in longitudinal displacement.
B
37°
C
53°
D
45°
An axial projection of the clavicle is often helpful in The correct answer is (B).
demonstrating a fracture that is not visualized using a With the patient positioned erect or supine, the CR is directed cephalad 25 to
perpendicular CR. When examining the clavicle in the 30°. This serves to project the clavicle away from the pulmonary apices and
PA axial projection, how should the Central Raby ribs, projecting most of the clavicle above the thorax. The reverse is true when
directed? the patient is examined for the PA axial projection. The PA and PA axial
projections can be useful for better detail because of the reduced OID
A
Cephalad
B
Caudad
C
Medially
D
Laterally
