D236 Pathophysiology – WGU Exam
Preparation Guide
Pressure that is due to albumin in the Oncotic
bloodstream?
Oncotic a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
In the blood,______is the most common albumin
plasma protein and is, therefore, a primary
determinant of oncotic pressure
____controls osmotic pressure in vascular Albumin
system, builds volume
One question was about the difference in Possible answer: naive T cells
children and adult immunity
,Learning check question: Which differences Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat
in immunity make children and older adult infection
patients more susceptible to infections?
Choose 2 answers Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T
cells
Younger patients have fewer memory cells
to combat infection Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to
many pathogens, which means that they have fewer
Older adult patients have a dwindling memory cells than adults. The primary immune response is
population of naive T cells relatively weak compared to a secondary response
mediated by memory cells.
Older adult patients have more memory
cells to combat infection Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to
younger patients. When these patients encounter novel
Younger patients have a large population of pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives clonal
naive T cells selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be
effective.
Older adult patients have a large population
of naive T cells
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by osmoreceptors
_____, which regulates actions such as thirst,
ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS.
Fluid deficit causes -Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both
Fluid deficit risk factors -Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake
Fluid deficit manifestations -dry mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
ROME for ABGs Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is
pCO2 levels that are causing the imbalance and it is
respiratory in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic
in nature
Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory 7.35-7.45
compensation help to maintain a blood
pH of _______
,A patient with a viral illness and severe Metabolic alkalosis
vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and a
blood pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in
What condition does the patient have? the same direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The
CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is
Metabolic alkalosis attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less
Metabolic acidosis and retaining more CO2
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
To prevent changes in pH, the body proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate
employs buffer systems. The body utilizes 3 system
buffer systems:
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line respirations; kidneys
of defense is____, second line of defense is
_____
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation The equation moves in both directions
CABS Equation: toward the right
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation
moves______, forming more H+ and HCO3-
ions
CABS Equation: toward the left
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation
moves____, as H+ ions are converted to
CO2
and the CO2 is exhaled.
CO2 levels 35-45
HCO3 levels 22-26
, Michael's pulmonary edema leads to His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty
respiratory acidosis. How does pH removing it from the bloodstream.
impact Michael's basal metabolic panel?
Choose 3 answers. His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an
attempt to get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs into the bloodstream.
have difficulty removing it from the
bloodstream. His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves
inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of
the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into
the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to
hypervolemia.
His calcium level is reduced because the
elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier
for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his
lungs have difficulty adding it into
the bloodstream
There is a question about hypoventilation or Metabolic acidosis pH <7.35 = respirations increase in depth
hyperventilation and rate to blow off CO2
Metabolic alkalosis pH >7.45 = respirations slow down to
increase CO2 retention
Respiratory acidosis = excess CO2 has accumulated which
is generating H+
Respiratory alkalosis = lungs blow off too much CO2, creating
less H+ in blood
What is excreted in response to fluid volume Natriuretic peptides
overload?
Natriuretic peptides hormonal signals released by the brain and heart in response
to excess fluid in the body
Natriuretic peptides signals_____urine output increase; reduce
and____fluid volume
A hormonal panel was done on a BNP - it's released when fluid volume excess is present
patient with congestive heart failure
and fluid volume overload. Which
elevated hormone on the patient's chart
is indicative of the body's attempt to
reduce the fluid overload?
Preparation Guide
Pressure that is due to albumin in the Oncotic
bloodstream?
Oncotic a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
In the blood,______is the most common albumin
plasma protein and is, therefore, a primary
determinant of oncotic pressure
____controls osmotic pressure in vascular Albumin
system, builds volume
One question was about the difference in Possible answer: naive T cells
children and adult immunity
,Learning check question: Which differences Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat
in immunity make children and older adult infection
patients more susceptible to infections?
Choose 2 answers Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T
cells
Younger patients have fewer memory cells
to combat infection Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to
many pathogens, which means that they have fewer
Older adult patients have a dwindling memory cells than adults. The primary immune response is
population of naive T cells relatively weak compared to a secondary response
mediated by memory cells.
Older adult patients have more memory
cells to combat infection Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to
younger patients. When these patients encounter novel
Younger patients have a large population of pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives clonal
naive T cells selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be
effective.
Older adult patients have a large population
of naive T cells
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by osmoreceptors
_____, which regulates actions such as thirst,
ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS.
Fluid deficit causes -Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both
Fluid deficit risk factors -Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake
Fluid deficit manifestations -dry mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
ROME for ABGs Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is
pCO2 levels that are causing the imbalance and it is
respiratory in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic
in nature
Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory 7.35-7.45
compensation help to maintain a blood
pH of _______
,A patient with a viral illness and severe Metabolic alkalosis
vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and a
blood pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in
What condition does the patient have? the same direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The
CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is
Metabolic alkalosis attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less
Metabolic acidosis and retaining more CO2
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
To prevent changes in pH, the body proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate
employs buffer systems. The body utilizes 3 system
buffer systems:
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line respirations; kidneys
of defense is____, second line of defense is
_____
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation The equation moves in both directions
CABS Equation: toward the right
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation
moves______, forming more H+ and HCO3-
ions
CABS Equation: toward the left
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation
moves____, as H+ ions are converted to
CO2
and the CO2 is exhaled.
CO2 levels 35-45
HCO3 levels 22-26
, Michael's pulmonary edema leads to His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty
respiratory acidosis. How does pH removing it from the bloodstream.
impact Michael's basal metabolic panel?
Choose 3 answers. His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an
attempt to get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs into the bloodstream.
have difficulty removing it from the
bloodstream. His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves
inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of
the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into
the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to
hypervolemia.
His calcium level is reduced because the
elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier
for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his
lungs have difficulty adding it into
the bloodstream
There is a question about hypoventilation or Metabolic acidosis pH <7.35 = respirations increase in depth
hyperventilation and rate to blow off CO2
Metabolic alkalosis pH >7.45 = respirations slow down to
increase CO2 retention
Respiratory acidosis = excess CO2 has accumulated which
is generating H+
Respiratory alkalosis = lungs blow off too much CO2, creating
less H+ in blood
What is excreted in response to fluid volume Natriuretic peptides
overload?
Natriuretic peptides hormonal signals released by the brain and heart in response
to excess fluid in the body
Natriuretic peptides signals_____urine output increase; reduce
and____fluid volume
A hormonal panel was done on a BNP - it's released when fluid volume excess is present
patient with congestive heart failure
and fluid volume overload. Which
elevated hormone on the patient's chart
is indicative of the body's attempt to
reduce the fluid overload?
