1
NUR 176 HONDROS - MIDTERM EXAM 2026/2027 |
CONCEPTS OF ADULT HEALTH NURSING I | 75
VERIFIED Q&A | DETAILED RATIONALES | NGN-
ALIGNED | PASS GUARANTEED – A+ GRADED
EXAM BLUEPRINT OVERVIEW
Topic Approximate Weight
Fluid & Electrolyte Balance ~12%
Acid-Base Balance ~10%
Perioperative Nursing ~12%
Pain Management ~8%
Infection Control & Immunity ~10%
Cardiovascular Disorders ~12%
Respiratory Disorders ~10%
Endocrine Disorders ~10%
Renal & Urinary Disorders ~8%
Neurological Disorders ~5%
Pharmacology & Clinical Judgment ~3%
SECTION 1: FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE – Questions 1–9
Q1: Fluid Volume Excess – Clinical Manifestations
A client with fluid volume excess (hypervolemia) is likely to exhibit which assessment finding?
,2
A. Orthostatic hypotension and flat neck veins
B. Bounding pulse and jugular vein distention
C. Poor skin turgor and dry mucous membranes
D. Decreased blood pressure and tachycardia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypervolemia causes circulatory overload, leading to bounding pulse, jugular vein
distention, crackles, peripheral edema, and hypertension. Flat neck veins, poor turgor, and
hypotension indicate fluid volume deficit. [100% CORRECT]
Q2: Hyponatremia – Causes
Which condition is a common cause of hyponatremia?
A. Excessive sodium intake
B. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
C. Hyperaldosteronism
D. Dehydration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: SIADH causes water retention, leading to dilutional hyponatremia. Hyperaldosteronism
causes sodium retention. Dehydration typically causes hypernatremia. [100% CORRECT]
Q3: Hypernatremia – Clinical Presentation
A client with hypernatremia (serum Na⁺ 155 mEq/L) is likely to report:
A. Muscle cramps and paresthesia
B. Thirst and dry mucous membranes
C. Nausea and vomiting
D. Lethargy and confusion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypernatremia causes cellular dehydration, leading to intense thirst, dry mucous
membranes, decreased skin turgor, and neurological changes (confusion, seizures). [100% CORRECT]
Q4: Hypokalemia – ECG Changes
A client with hypokalemia (serum K⁺ 2.8 mEq/L) is likely to have which ECG change?
A. Tall, peaked T waves
B. U waves and flattened T waves
C. Widened QRS complex
D. Prolonged PR interval
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypokalemia causes flattened T waves, prominent U waves, and ST depression. Tall
peaked T waves are seen in hyperkalemia. [100% CORRECT]
Q5: Hyperkalemia – Causes
Which condition is a common cause of hyperkalemia?
, 3
A. Chronic kidney disease
B. Diarrhea
C. Vomiting
D. Diuretic use
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Chronic kidney disease impairs potassium excretion, leading to hyperkalemia. Diarrhea,
vomiting, and diuretics cause potassium loss (hypokalemia). [100% CORRECT]
Q6: Hypocalcemia – Clinical Signs
A client with hypocalcemia is likely to exhibit:
A. Positive Trousseau's sign and Chvostek's sign
B. Muscle weakness and fatigue
C. Constipation and confusion
D. Hypertension and tachycardia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hypocalcemia causes neuromuscular irritability, leading to positive Trousseau's (carpal
spasm with BP cuff) and Chvostek's (facial twitching) signs. Muscle weakness, constipation, and
confusion are seen in hypercalcemia. [100% CORRECT]
Q7: Hypercalcemia – Causes
Which condition is a common cause of hypercalcemia?
A. Hypoparathyroidism
B. Vitamin D deficiency
C. Malignancy with bone metastases
D. Renal failure
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Malignancy (especially with bone metastases) causes hypercalcemia due to bone
resorption. Hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency cause hypocalcemia. [100% CORRECT]
Q8: Hypomagnesemia – Risk Factors
A client with chronic alcoholism is at risk for which electrolyte imbalance?
A. Hypomagnesemia
B. Hypermagnesemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hyperkalemia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Chronic alcoholism causes poor nutrition and renal magnesium wasting, leading to
hypomagnesemia. Symptoms include tremors, confusion, and cardiac arrhythmias. [100% CORRECT]
Q9: Hypermagnesemia – Causes
Which condition is a common cause of hypermagnesemia?
NUR 176 HONDROS - MIDTERM EXAM 2026/2027 |
CONCEPTS OF ADULT HEALTH NURSING I | 75
VERIFIED Q&A | DETAILED RATIONALES | NGN-
ALIGNED | PASS GUARANTEED – A+ GRADED
EXAM BLUEPRINT OVERVIEW
Topic Approximate Weight
Fluid & Electrolyte Balance ~12%
Acid-Base Balance ~10%
Perioperative Nursing ~12%
Pain Management ~8%
Infection Control & Immunity ~10%
Cardiovascular Disorders ~12%
Respiratory Disorders ~10%
Endocrine Disorders ~10%
Renal & Urinary Disorders ~8%
Neurological Disorders ~5%
Pharmacology & Clinical Judgment ~3%
SECTION 1: FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE – Questions 1–9
Q1: Fluid Volume Excess – Clinical Manifestations
A client with fluid volume excess (hypervolemia) is likely to exhibit which assessment finding?
,2
A. Orthostatic hypotension and flat neck veins
B. Bounding pulse and jugular vein distention
C. Poor skin turgor and dry mucous membranes
D. Decreased blood pressure and tachycardia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypervolemia causes circulatory overload, leading to bounding pulse, jugular vein
distention, crackles, peripheral edema, and hypertension. Flat neck veins, poor turgor, and
hypotension indicate fluid volume deficit. [100% CORRECT]
Q2: Hyponatremia – Causes
Which condition is a common cause of hyponatremia?
A. Excessive sodium intake
B. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
C. Hyperaldosteronism
D. Dehydration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: SIADH causes water retention, leading to dilutional hyponatremia. Hyperaldosteronism
causes sodium retention. Dehydration typically causes hypernatremia. [100% CORRECT]
Q3: Hypernatremia – Clinical Presentation
A client with hypernatremia (serum Na⁺ 155 mEq/L) is likely to report:
A. Muscle cramps and paresthesia
B. Thirst and dry mucous membranes
C. Nausea and vomiting
D. Lethargy and confusion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypernatremia causes cellular dehydration, leading to intense thirst, dry mucous
membranes, decreased skin turgor, and neurological changes (confusion, seizures). [100% CORRECT]
Q4: Hypokalemia – ECG Changes
A client with hypokalemia (serum K⁺ 2.8 mEq/L) is likely to have which ECG change?
A. Tall, peaked T waves
B. U waves and flattened T waves
C. Widened QRS complex
D. Prolonged PR interval
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypokalemia causes flattened T waves, prominent U waves, and ST depression. Tall
peaked T waves are seen in hyperkalemia. [100% CORRECT]
Q5: Hyperkalemia – Causes
Which condition is a common cause of hyperkalemia?
, 3
A. Chronic kidney disease
B. Diarrhea
C. Vomiting
D. Diuretic use
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Chronic kidney disease impairs potassium excretion, leading to hyperkalemia. Diarrhea,
vomiting, and diuretics cause potassium loss (hypokalemia). [100% CORRECT]
Q6: Hypocalcemia – Clinical Signs
A client with hypocalcemia is likely to exhibit:
A. Positive Trousseau's sign and Chvostek's sign
B. Muscle weakness and fatigue
C. Constipation and confusion
D. Hypertension and tachycardia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hypocalcemia causes neuromuscular irritability, leading to positive Trousseau's (carpal
spasm with BP cuff) and Chvostek's (facial twitching) signs. Muscle weakness, constipation, and
confusion are seen in hypercalcemia. [100% CORRECT]
Q7: Hypercalcemia – Causes
Which condition is a common cause of hypercalcemia?
A. Hypoparathyroidism
B. Vitamin D deficiency
C. Malignancy with bone metastases
D. Renal failure
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Malignancy (especially with bone metastases) causes hypercalcemia due to bone
resorption. Hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency cause hypocalcemia. [100% CORRECT]
Q8: Hypomagnesemia – Risk Factors
A client with chronic alcoholism is at risk for which electrolyte imbalance?
A. Hypomagnesemia
B. Hypermagnesemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hyperkalemia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Chronic alcoholism causes poor nutrition and renal magnesium wasting, leading to
hypomagnesemia. Symptoms include tremors, confusion, and cardiac arrhythmias. [100% CORRECT]
Q9: Hypermagnesemia – Causes
Which condition is a common cause of hypermagnesemia?
