HISTORY OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY BY
DANIEL N SCHULTZ CHAPTER 10 TO 15
CERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT 2026 VERIFIED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Conditioned reflexes
Answer: Reflexes that are conditional or dependent on the formation
of an association or connection between stimulus and response.
◉ Connectionism
Answer: Thorndike's approach to learning that was based on
connections between situations and responses.
◉ Law of effect
Answer: Acts that produce satisfaction in a given situation become
associated with that situation; when the situation recurs, the act is
likely to recur. (Thorndike's)
◉ Law of Exercise (of Law of Use and Disuse)
Answer: The more an act or response is used in a given situation, the
more strongly the act becomes associated with that situation.
(Thorndike's)
,◉ Reinforcement
Answer: Something that increases the likelihood of a response.
◉ Trial-and-error learning
Answer: Learning based on the repetition of response tendencies
that lead to success. (Thorndike preferred to call it trial-and-
accidental success.)
◉ Tropism
Answer: An involuntary forced movement. (Loeb)
◉ In Pavlovian conditioning, reinforcement IS or IS NOT essential.
Answer: It IS ESSENTIAL.
◉ The _____________ or the law of use and disuse states that any
response made in a particular situation becomes associated with
that situation.
Answer: Law of Exercise.
◉ The advantage of Loeb's concept of Tropism was that ______________
was irrelevant.
Answer: consciousness
,◉ The crux of Pavlov's work on conditioning was that
_______________________ could be studied in physiological terms.
Answer: higher mental processes
◉ The author of "Animal Education: The Psychical Development of
the White Rat" was ____________.
Answer: Watson
◉ Satisfaction becomes associated with that situation, so that when
the situation recurs the act is more likely is the ______________.
Answer: Law of Effect
◉ The founder of Positivism was___________.
Answer: Comte
◉ V.M.Bekhterev wrote: ________________.
Answer: Objective Psychology
◉ Hans the Wonder Horse owned by ______________.
Answer: Wilhelm Von Osten retired math teacher from Berlin,
Germany.
, ◉ Wilhelm Von Osten, Hans the Wonder Horse's owner, wanted to
prove _____________ correct.
Answer: Darwin....wanted to prove that humans and animals have a
similar mind and similar mental processes.
◉ 2nd Decade of the 20th Century: Psychologists Disagreed on:
Answer: 1. the value of introspection
2. the existence of mental elements
3. the need to remain a pure science.
◉ Functionalism:
Answer: A system of psychology concerned with the mind as it is
used in an organism's adaptation to its environment.
◉ Functionalism movement: ________________ not revolutionary.
Answer: evolutionary
◉ 1913 Behaviorism Declares war with Watson's paper:
Answer: Protest against both structuralism and functionalism.
Was deliberately abrupt.
Designed to shatter the two dominant schools.
DANIEL N SCHULTZ CHAPTER 10 TO 15
CERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT 2026 VERIFIED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Conditioned reflexes
Answer: Reflexes that are conditional or dependent on the formation
of an association or connection between stimulus and response.
◉ Connectionism
Answer: Thorndike's approach to learning that was based on
connections between situations and responses.
◉ Law of effect
Answer: Acts that produce satisfaction in a given situation become
associated with that situation; when the situation recurs, the act is
likely to recur. (Thorndike's)
◉ Law of Exercise (of Law of Use and Disuse)
Answer: The more an act or response is used in a given situation, the
more strongly the act becomes associated with that situation.
(Thorndike's)
,◉ Reinforcement
Answer: Something that increases the likelihood of a response.
◉ Trial-and-error learning
Answer: Learning based on the repetition of response tendencies
that lead to success. (Thorndike preferred to call it trial-and-
accidental success.)
◉ Tropism
Answer: An involuntary forced movement. (Loeb)
◉ In Pavlovian conditioning, reinforcement IS or IS NOT essential.
Answer: It IS ESSENTIAL.
◉ The _____________ or the law of use and disuse states that any
response made in a particular situation becomes associated with
that situation.
Answer: Law of Exercise.
◉ The advantage of Loeb's concept of Tropism was that ______________
was irrelevant.
Answer: consciousness
,◉ The crux of Pavlov's work on conditioning was that
_______________________ could be studied in physiological terms.
Answer: higher mental processes
◉ The author of "Animal Education: The Psychical Development of
the White Rat" was ____________.
Answer: Watson
◉ Satisfaction becomes associated with that situation, so that when
the situation recurs the act is more likely is the ______________.
Answer: Law of Effect
◉ The founder of Positivism was___________.
Answer: Comte
◉ V.M.Bekhterev wrote: ________________.
Answer: Objective Psychology
◉ Hans the Wonder Horse owned by ______________.
Answer: Wilhelm Von Osten retired math teacher from Berlin,
Germany.
, ◉ Wilhelm Von Osten, Hans the Wonder Horse's owner, wanted to
prove _____________ correct.
Answer: Darwin....wanted to prove that humans and animals have a
similar mind and similar mental processes.
◉ 2nd Decade of the 20th Century: Psychologists Disagreed on:
Answer: 1. the value of introspection
2. the existence of mental elements
3. the need to remain a pure science.
◉ Functionalism:
Answer: A system of psychology concerned with the mind as it is
used in an organism's adaptation to its environment.
◉ Functionalism movement: ________________ not revolutionary.
Answer: evolutionary
◉ 1913 Behaviorism Declares war with Watson's paper:
Answer: Protest against both structuralism and functionalism.
Was deliberately abrupt.
Designed to shatter the two dominant schools.
