Test bank applied pathophysiology for the advanced practice nurse
2nd edition by lucie dlugasch; lachel story chapter 1-14..
Test Bank: Applied Pathophysiology for the Advanced Practice Nurse,
2nd Edition
Chapters 1-14 Practice Questions
Chapter 1: Cellular Function
1. The nucleus, which is essential for function and survival of the cell:
A) is the site of protein synthesis
B) contains the genetic code
C) transforms cellular energy
D) initiates aerobic metabolism
Answer: B) contains the genetic code
Rationale: The nucleus houses the cell's genetic material (DNA) and
controls cellular activities through gene expression. Protein synthesis
occurs at ribosomes, energy transformation occurs in mitochondria,
and aerobic metabolism is primarily a mitochondrial function .
,2. A patient with long-standing, untreated hypertension shows an
increase in left ventricular mass on an echocardiogram. This is an
example of which cellular adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
Answer: B) Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased
mechanical demand, common in cardiac muscle exposed to high
systemic pressure. The left ventricle enlarges as individual myocytes
increase in size, not in number .
3. A chronic smoker's respiratory tract biopsy shows stratified
squamous epithelial cells replacing normal ciliated columnar cells. This
represents:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Metaplasia
,D) Dysplasia
Answer: C) Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell
type by another mature cell type better suited to withstand chronic
irritation. The respiratory epithelium changes from columnar to
squamous in response to chronic smoke exposure .
4. A tissue biopsy of the cervix reveals abnormal variations in cellular
size, shape, and developmental organization. How should the nurse
practitioner document this finding?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
Answer: D) Dysplasia
Rationale: Dysplasia refers to deranged cellular growth characterized by
atypical size, shape, and arrangement, often preceding malignancy. This
, is commonly seen in cervical biopsies and is considered a precancerous
lesion .
5. During an ischemic event to the myocardium, what is the direct
cause of intracellular fluid accumulation?
A) Osmotic shifts from an increase in extracellular sodium
B) Failure of the ATP-dependent sodium-potassium pump
C) Increased permeability of the cell membrane to proteins
D) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Answer: B) Failure of the ATP-dependent sodium-potassium pump
Rationale: ATP depletion during ischemia causes failure of the Na+/K+
pump, leading to sodium accumulation intracellularly and water
following osmotically, resulting in cellular swelling. This is an early sign
of irreversible cell injury .
6. What occurs during the process of autophagy?
A) Extracellular microbes are engulfed by dendritic cells
B) The cell degrades its own damaged proteins and organelles for
survival
2nd edition by lucie dlugasch; lachel story chapter 1-14..
Test Bank: Applied Pathophysiology for the Advanced Practice Nurse,
2nd Edition
Chapters 1-14 Practice Questions
Chapter 1: Cellular Function
1. The nucleus, which is essential for function and survival of the cell:
A) is the site of protein synthesis
B) contains the genetic code
C) transforms cellular energy
D) initiates aerobic metabolism
Answer: B) contains the genetic code
Rationale: The nucleus houses the cell's genetic material (DNA) and
controls cellular activities through gene expression. Protein synthesis
occurs at ribosomes, energy transformation occurs in mitochondria,
and aerobic metabolism is primarily a mitochondrial function .
,2. A patient with long-standing, untreated hypertension shows an
increase in left ventricular mass on an echocardiogram. This is an
example of which cellular adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
Answer: B) Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased
mechanical demand, common in cardiac muscle exposed to high
systemic pressure. The left ventricle enlarges as individual myocytes
increase in size, not in number .
3. A chronic smoker's respiratory tract biopsy shows stratified
squamous epithelial cells replacing normal ciliated columnar cells. This
represents:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Metaplasia
,D) Dysplasia
Answer: C) Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell
type by another mature cell type better suited to withstand chronic
irritation. The respiratory epithelium changes from columnar to
squamous in response to chronic smoke exposure .
4. A tissue biopsy of the cervix reveals abnormal variations in cellular
size, shape, and developmental organization. How should the nurse
practitioner document this finding?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
Answer: D) Dysplasia
Rationale: Dysplasia refers to deranged cellular growth characterized by
atypical size, shape, and arrangement, often preceding malignancy. This
, is commonly seen in cervical biopsies and is considered a precancerous
lesion .
5. During an ischemic event to the myocardium, what is the direct
cause of intracellular fluid accumulation?
A) Osmotic shifts from an increase in extracellular sodium
B) Failure of the ATP-dependent sodium-potassium pump
C) Increased permeability of the cell membrane to proteins
D) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Answer: B) Failure of the ATP-dependent sodium-potassium pump
Rationale: ATP depletion during ischemia causes failure of the Na+/K+
pump, leading to sodium accumulation intracellularly and water
following osmotically, resulting in cellular swelling. This is an early sign
of irreversible cell injury .
6. What occurs during the process of autophagy?
A) Extracellular microbes are engulfed by dendritic cells
B) The cell degrades its own damaged proteins and organelles for
survival
