WCU PHYS 261 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+| 100% VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS
Core Domains
Cellular Physiology and Membrane Transport
Neurophysiology and Action Potentials
Muscle Physiology and Contraction
Cardiovascular Physiology
Respiratory Physiology
Renal Physiology and Fluid Balance
Endocrine Physiology
Digestive Physiology
Acid-Base Balance and Homeostasis
Immune and Reproductive Physiology
Introduction
,This comprehensive final examination is designed to assess mastery of core concepts in human physiology,
emphasizing the integration of cellular, tissue, and organ system functions. Students will demonstrate knowledge
of homeostatic mechanisms, signal transduction pathways, and the physiological basis of clinical conditions. The
exam combines foundational theory with applied scenarios, requiring critical thinking and the application of
physiological principles to real-world clinical presentations. Success on this exam reflects a deep understanding of
how the body maintains balance and responds to internal and external challenges, preparing students for
advanced coursework in health sciences and professional practice.
SECTION ONE: QUESTIONS 1–100
1. Which of the following statements best describes the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?
A. It is determined solely by the sodium-potassium pump.
B. It is approximately -70 mV and is primarily due to the permeability of potassium ions.
C. It is positive inside the cell relative to the outside.
D. It is maintained primarily by calcium ion distribution.
🟢B
🔴 RATIONALE: The resting membrane potential of a neuron is approximately -70 mV and is primarily
established by the high permeability of the cell membrane to potassium ions (K+) and the large concentration
gradient that drives K+ out of the cell.
,2. A patient presents with edema, hypertension, and proteinuria. These findings are most consistent with which
pathophysiological process?
A. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
B. Increased plasma oncotic pressure.
C. Increased capillary permeability to proteins.
D. Decreased lymphatic drainage.
🟢C
🔴 RATIONALE: Increased capillary permeability allows proteins to leak into the interstitial space, reducing
plasma oncotic pressure and leading to edema. This is characteristic of conditions like nephrotic syndrome,
which also presents with proteinuria and hypertension.
3. During skeletal muscle contraction, what is the immediate source of energy for the cross-bridge cycle?
A. Creatine phosphate.
B. Glucose.
C. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
D. Fatty acids.
🟢C
, 🔴 RATIONALE: ATP is the immediate energy source for the cross-bridge cycle in skeletal muscle contraction.
Creatine phosphate serves as a reserve to rapidly regenerate ATP, but ATP itself drives the myosin head
movement.
4. Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart?
A. Right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle.
B. Right atrium → left atrium → lungs → right ventricle → left ventricle.
C. Left atrium → left ventricle → lungs → right atrium → right ventricle.
D. Right ventricle → right atrium → lungs → left ventricle → left atrium.
🟢A
🔴 RATIONALE: Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, flows to the right ventricle, is pumped to the
lungs for oxygenation, returns to the left atrium, and then is pumped to the body via the left ventricle.
5. A patient's arterial blood gas (ABG) results show pH 7.25, PaCO2 55 mm Hg, and HCO3- 24 mEq/L. Which
acid-base imbalance is present?
A. Metabolic acidosis.
B. Respiratory acidosis.
C. Metabolic alkalosis.
D. Respiratory alkalosis.
SOLUTIONS
Core Domains
Cellular Physiology and Membrane Transport
Neurophysiology and Action Potentials
Muscle Physiology and Contraction
Cardiovascular Physiology
Respiratory Physiology
Renal Physiology and Fluid Balance
Endocrine Physiology
Digestive Physiology
Acid-Base Balance and Homeostasis
Immune and Reproductive Physiology
Introduction
,This comprehensive final examination is designed to assess mastery of core concepts in human physiology,
emphasizing the integration of cellular, tissue, and organ system functions. Students will demonstrate knowledge
of homeostatic mechanisms, signal transduction pathways, and the physiological basis of clinical conditions. The
exam combines foundational theory with applied scenarios, requiring critical thinking and the application of
physiological principles to real-world clinical presentations. Success on this exam reflects a deep understanding of
how the body maintains balance and responds to internal and external challenges, preparing students for
advanced coursework in health sciences and professional practice.
SECTION ONE: QUESTIONS 1–100
1. Which of the following statements best describes the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?
A. It is determined solely by the sodium-potassium pump.
B. It is approximately -70 mV and is primarily due to the permeability of potassium ions.
C. It is positive inside the cell relative to the outside.
D. It is maintained primarily by calcium ion distribution.
🟢B
🔴 RATIONALE: The resting membrane potential of a neuron is approximately -70 mV and is primarily
established by the high permeability of the cell membrane to potassium ions (K+) and the large concentration
gradient that drives K+ out of the cell.
,2. A patient presents with edema, hypertension, and proteinuria. These findings are most consistent with which
pathophysiological process?
A. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
B. Increased plasma oncotic pressure.
C. Increased capillary permeability to proteins.
D. Decreased lymphatic drainage.
🟢C
🔴 RATIONALE: Increased capillary permeability allows proteins to leak into the interstitial space, reducing
plasma oncotic pressure and leading to edema. This is characteristic of conditions like nephrotic syndrome,
which also presents with proteinuria and hypertension.
3. During skeletal muscle contraction, what is the immediate source of energy for the cross-bridge cycle?
A. Creatine phosphate.
B. Glucose.
C. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
D. Fatty acids.
🟢C
, 🔴 RATIONALE: ATP is the immediate energy source for the cross-bridge cycle in skeletal muscle contraction.
Creatine phosphate serves as a reserve to rapidly regenerate ATP, but ATP itself drives the myosin head
movement.
4. Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart?
A. Right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle.
B. Right atrium → left atrium → lungs → right ventricle → left ventricle.
C. Left atrium → left ventricle → lungs → right atrium → right ventricle.
D. Right ventricle → right atrium → lungs → left ventricle → left atrium.
🟢A
🔴 RATIONALE: Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, flows to the right ventricle, is pumped to the
lungs for oxygenation, returns to the left atrium, and then is pumped to the body via the left ventricle.
5. A patient's arterial blood gas (ABG) results show pH 7.25, PaCO2 55 mm Hg, and HCO3- 24 mEq/L. Which
acid-base imbalance is present?
A. Metabolic acidosis.
B. Respiratory acidosis.
C. Metabolic alkalosis.
D. Respiratory alkalosis.
