S tud y Gui de
Geography
Grade 10
Every effort has been made to obtain copyright of all printed extracts in this book. However, if
we have unwittingly used material requiring copyright, we request the copyright holder to
bring the matter to our attention so we can make the acknowledgements.
,Contents
INTRODUCTION TO OUR GEOGRAPHY 10 STUDY GUIDE EBOOK .................................................. 1
Introduction to geographical skills and techniques ................................................ 2
OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................. 2
Unit 1 Geographical Information Systems (GIS) .................................................... 3
Unit 2 Aerial photographs .................................................................................. 4
Unit 3 Topographic maps ....................................................................................8
Unit 4 Using atlases .......................................................................................... 11
Unit 5 Map skills and atlas skills ....................................................................... 12
Unit 6 Fieldwork ............................................................................................... 19
Questions and answers ...................................................................................... 20
Topic 1 The atmosphere .................................................................................... 23
OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................ 23
Unit 1 Composition and structure of the atmosphere .......................................... 24
Unit 2 Heating of the atmosphere ..................................................................... 30
Unit 3 Moisture in the atmosphere .................................................................... 38
Unit 4 Reading and interpreting synoptic weather maps..................................... 42
Questions and answers ...................................................................................... 44
Topic 2 Geomorphology ................................................................................... 46
OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................ 46
Unit 1 The structure of the Earth ........................................................................ 47
Unit 2 Plate tectonics ....................................................................................... 51
Unit 3 Folding and faulting ............................................................................... 55
Unit 4 Earthquakes .......................................................................................... 58
Unit 5 Volcanoes .............................................................................................. 62
Questions and answers ...................................................................................... 64
Topic 3 Population ........................................................................................... 67
OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................ 67
Unit 1 Population distribution and density ......................................................... 68
Unit 2 Population structure............................................................................... 69
Unit 3 Population growth .................................................................................. 72
Unit 4 Population movements ........................................................................... 77
Unit 5 HIV and AIDS .......................................................................................... 83
Questions and answers ...................................................................................... 86
© Via Afrika » G e o g r a p h y G r a d e 1 0
,Topic 4 Water resources ................................................................................... 89
OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................ 89
Unit 1 Water in the world .................................................................................. 90
Unit 2 The world’s oceans................................................................................. 92
Unit 3 Water management in South Africa ......................................................... 98
Unit 4 Floods ................................................................................................. 103
Questions and answers .....................................................................................107
Exam question papers 1 and 2 ................................................................................
Answers to question papers ...................................................................................
© Via Afrika » G e o g r a p h y G r a d e 1 0
, Introduction to our Geography 10 Study Guide eBook
Welcome to the Grade 10 Geography Study Guide. The subject of Geography has changed
dramatically over time and it continues to change because it is one of the most dynamic
subjects in the curriculum. After all, the Earth and its atmosphere, the home of
humankind, is changing all the time and that is what makes our subject so special.
This guide must be used in conjunction with the main textbook, as it is a summary of the
main components of the textbook. Geography, like any other subject, does contain facts
which must be understood and learnt, but it also emphases skills. It is necessary for the
learner to analyse and use these facts to understand phenomena and to try to solve
problems. Our lives depend on the ways in which we treat our environment and thus, as
citizens of the Earth, we must understand the changes that are constantly taking place and
our own impact on our surroundings.
Once you have studied the detail in the main textbook, use this guide as a summary.
Concentrate on the key concepts and build your knowledge around them. Do this regularly
and you will develop into a genuine geographer ready to take your place as a keeper of our
vital environment.
© Via Afrika » G e o g r a p h y G r a d e 1 0 1
Geography
Grade 10
Every effort has been made to obtain copyright of all printed extracts in this book. However, if
we have unwittingly used material requiring copyright, we request the copyright holder to
bring the matter to our attention so we can make the acknowledgements.
,Contents
INTRODUCTION TO OUR GEOGRAPHY 10 STUDY GUIDE EBOOK .................................................. 1
Introduction to geographical skills and techniques ................................................ 2
OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................. 2
Unit 1 Geographical Information Systems (GIS) .................................................... 3
Unit 2 Aerial photographs .................................................................................. 4
Unit 3 Topographic maps ....................................................................................8
Unit 4 Using atlases .......................................................................................... 11
Unit 5 Map skills and atlas skills ....................................................................... 12
Unit 6 Fieldwork ............................................................................................... 19
Questions and answers ...................................................................................... 20
Topic 1 The atmosphere .................................................................................... 23
OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................ 23
Unit 1 Composition and structure of the atmosphere .......................................... 24
Unit 2 Heating of the atmosphere ..................................................................... 30
Unit 3 Moisture in the atmosphere .................................................................... 38
Unit 4 Reading and interpreting synoptic weather maps..................................... 42
Questions and answers ...................................................................................... 44
Topic 2 Geomorphology ................................................................................... 46
OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................ 46
Unit 1 The structure of the Earth ........................................................................ 47
Unit 2 Plate tectonics ....................................................................................... 51
Unit 3 Folding and faulting ............................................................................... 55
Unit 4 Earthquakes .......................................................................................... 58
Unit 5 Volcanoes .............................................................................................. 62
Questions and answers ...................................................................................... 64
Topic 3 Population ........................................................................................... 67
OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................ 67
Unit 1 Population distribution and density ......................................................... 68
Unit 2 Population structure............................................................................... 69
Unit 3 Population growth .................................................................................. 72
Unit 4 Population movements ........................................................................... 77
Unit 5 HIV and AIDS .......................................................................................... 83
Questions and answers ...................................................................................... 86
© Via Afrika » G e o g r a p h y G r a d e 1 0
,Topic 4 Water resources ................................................................................... 89
OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................ 89
Unit 1 Water in the world .................................................................................. 90
Unit 2 The world’s oceans................................................................................. 92
Unit 3 Water management in South Africa ......................................................... 98
Unit 4 Floods ................................................................................................. 103
Questions and answers .....................................................................................107
Exam question papers 1 and 2 ................................................................................
Answers to question papers ...................................................................................
© Via Afrika » G e o g r a p h y G r a d e 1 0
, Introduction to our Geography 10 Study Guide eBook
Welcome to the Grade 10 Geography Study Guide. The subject of Geography has changed
dramatically over time and it continues to change because it is one of the most dynamic
subjects in the curriculum. After all, the Earth and its atmosphere, the home of
humankind, is changing all the time and that is what makes our subject so special.
This guide must be used in conjunction with the main textbook, as it is a summary of the
main components of the textbook. Geography, like any other subject, does contain facts
which must be understood and learnt, but it also emphases skills. It is necessary for the
learner to analyse and use these facts to understand phenomena and to try to solve
problems. Our lives depend on the ways in which we treat our environment and thus, as
citizens of the Earth, we must understand the changes that are constantly taking place and
our own impact on our surroundings.
Once you have studied the detail in the main textbook, use this guide as a summary.
Concentrate on the key concepts and build your knowledge around them. Do this regularly
and you will develop into a genuine geographer ready to take your place as a keeper of our
vital environment.
© Via Afrika » G e o g r a p h y G r a d e 1 0 1
