NUR 353 EXAMINATION TEST QUESTIONS
AND DETAILED SOLUTIONS
●what are the 4 phases of the endometrial cycle. Answer: menstrual,
proliferative, secretory, and ischemic
●what happens during the menstrual phase (1/4 phases of the
endomentrial cycle). Answer: the uterine lining shreds, causing
menstrual bleeding, day 1-7
(usually occurs for 3-7 days)
●what happens during the proliferative phase (2/4 phases of the
endomentrial cycle) and what hormone is most associated with the
proliferative phase. Answer: the lining of the womb thickens in
preparation for the egg → estrogen causes the endometrium to rebuild
and thicken, day 8-11
●what happens during the secretory phase (3/4 phases of the
endomentrial cycle) and what hormone is most associated with the
secretory phase. Answer: if fertilization has not taken place, the
corpus luteum fades away/degenerate, which causes progesterone
levels to fall → progesterone makes the endometrium thick, vascular,
and ready for implantation, day 18-25
●what happens during the ischemic phase (4/4 phases of the
endomentrial cycle). Answer: the uterine lining detaches leading to
menstruation → estrogen and progesterone falls and blood flow to the
endometrium decreases, causing the lining to break down and
menstruation begins again, day 26-28
,●what are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle and what occurs during
each phase. Answer: - follicular: FSH stimulate ovarian follicle to
develop and developing follicle produce estrogen → before ovulation,
corresponds with proliferative phase
- luteal: occur after ovulation → empty follicle turn into corpus
luteum which produces mainly progesterone → after ovulation,
corresponds with secretory phase
●what is ovulation and when does it typically occur int he 28-day
cycle. Answer: the release of a mature egg from the ovary, typically
occur around day 14
●what is the hormonal pathway for the hypothalamic cycle in the
menstrual cycle. Answer: hypothalamus → GnRH → anterior
pituitary → FSH/LH → ovaries → estrogen/progesterone
●what is the difference between primary amenorrhea and secondary
amenorrhea. Answer: - primary: period never started
- secondary: a person previously had menstrual periods, but they have
stopped for an abnormal length of time
●what is an ectopic pregnancy. Answer: when a fertilized egg
implants somewhere outside the uterus, most commonly inside the
fallopian, instead of inside the uterine lining → normally fertilization
is in the fallopian tube and then the fertilized egg goes to the uterus
and implant in uterine lining, but with ectopic pregnancies, the
fertilized egg gets stuck outside uterus and grows there
●what can ectopic pregnancies increase the risk of. Answer: -
additional ectopic pregnancies
- fertility issues
,- tubal damage
- life threatening
●what are common menstrual disorders. Answer: - amenorrhea
- dysmenorrhea
- premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
- endometriosis
- alteration in menstrual cycles
- oligomenorrhea
- hypomenorrhea
- metrorrhagia
- dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)
●what is infertility and common factors associated with infertility.
Answer: - an inability to conceive despite engaging in unprotected
sexual intercourse for at least 12 months
- common factors associated with infertility: decreased sperm
production, endometriosis, ovulation disorders, tubal occlusions
●what age is considered infertile in women and how long . Answer: -
women over 35 who have been trying unsuccessfully to conceive for
6 months
- women under 35 who have been trying unsuccessfully to conceive
for a year
●what is the process of fertilization. Answer: gametogenesis →
ovulation → fertilization → zygote (day 1) → clevage (day 1-3) →
morula (day 3-4) → blastocyst formation (day 4-5) → implantation
(day 6-7)
, *from week 9, it is considered a fetus
●what is the process of reproduction. Answer: - ovulation happens in
the ovaries
- fertilization happens in the fallopian tubes
- implantation occurs in uterus
●what is considered the embryonic stage. Answer: from week 2 until
the end of week 8
●what are the functions of the placenta. Answer: metabolic,
respiratory, nutrition, excretion, storage, transportation, bone
development, muscle development.
●what is the metabolic function of the placenta. Answer: responsible
for respiration, nutrition, excretion, and storage
●what is the respiration function of the placenta. Answer: oxygen
diffuses from the maternal blood across the placental membrane into
the fetal blood, and CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction
●what is the nutrition function of the placenta. Answer: water, salts,
carbs, proteins, fats, and vitamins pass from the maternal blood
supply across the placental membrane into the fetal blood, supplying
nutrition
●what is the excretion function of the placenta. Answer: metabolic
waste products of the fetus cross the placental membrane from the
fetal blood into the maternal blood for excretion by the maternal
kidneys
AND DETAILED SOLUTIONS
●what are the 4 phases of the endometrial cycle. Answer: menstrual,
proliferative, secretory, and ischemic
●what happens during the menstrual phase (1/4 phases of the
endomentrial cycle). Answer: the uterine lining shreds, causing
menstrual bleeding, day 1-7
(usually occurs for 3-7 days)
●what happens during the proliferative phase (2/4 phases of the
endomentrial cycle) and what hormone is most associated with the
proliferative phase. Answer: the lining of the womb thickens in
preparation for the egg → estrogen causes the endometrium to rebuild
and thicken, day 8-11
●what happens during the secretory phase (3/4 phases of the
endomentrial cycle) and what hormone is most associated with the
secretory phase. Answer: if fertilization has not taken place, the
corpus luteum fades away/degenerate, which causes progesterone
levels to fall → progesterone makes the endometrium thick, vascular,
and ready for implantation, day 18-25
●what happens during the ischemic phase (4/4 phases of the
endomentrial cycle). Answer: the uterine lining detaches leading to
menstruation → estrogen and progesterone falls and blood flow to the
endometrium decreases, causing the lining to break down and
menstruation begins again, day 26-28
,●what are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle and what occurs during
each phase. Answer: - follicular: FSH stimulate ovarian follicle to
develop and developing follicle produce estrogen → before ovulation,
corresponds with proliferative phase
- luteal: occur after ovulation → empty follicle turn into corpus
luteum which produces mainly progesterone → after ovulation,
corresponds with secretory phase
●what is ovulation and when does it typically occur int he 28-day
cycle. Answer: the release of a mature egg from the ovary, typically
occur around day 14
●what is the hormonal pathway for the hypothalamic cycle in the
menstrual cycle. Answer: hypothalamus → GnRH → anterior
pituitary → FSH/LH → ovaries → estrogen/progesterone
●what is the difference between primary amenorrhea and secondary
amenorrhea. Answer: - primary: period never started
- secondary: a person previously had menstrual periods, but they have
stopped for an abnormal length of time
●what is an ectopic pregnancy. Answer: when a fertilized egg
implants somewhere outside the uterus, most commonly inside the
fallopian, instead of inside the uterine lining → normally fertilization
is in the fallopian tube and then the fertilized egg goes to the uterus
and implant in uterine lining, but with ectopic pregnancies, the
fertilized egg gets stuck outside uterus and grows there
●what can ectopic pregnancies increase the risk of. Answer: -
additional ectopic pregnancies
- fertility issues
,- tubal damage
- life threatening
●what are common menstrual disorders. Answer: - amenorrhea
- dysmenorrhea
- premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
- endometriosis
- alteration in menstrual cycles
- oligomenorrhea
- hypomenorrhea
- metrorrhagia
- dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)
●what is infertility and common factors associated with infertility.
Answer: - an inability to conceive despite engaging in unprotected
sexual intercourse for at least 12 months
- common factors associated with infertility: decreased sperm
production, endometriosis, ovulation disorders, tubal occlusions
●what age is considered infertile in women and how long . Answer: -
women over 35 who have been trying unsuccessfully to conceive for
6 months
- women under 35 who have been trying unsuccessfully to conceive
for a year
●what is the process of fertilization. Answer: gametogenesis →
ovulation → fertilization → zygote (day 1) → clevage (day 1-3) →
morula (day 3-4) → blastocyst formation (day 4-5) → implantation
(day 6-7)
, *from week 9, it is considered a fetus
●what is the process of reproduction. Answer: - ovulation happens in
the ovaries
- fertilization happens in the fallopian tubes
- implantation occurs in uterus
●what is considered the embryonic stage. Answer: from week 2 until
the end of week 8
●what are the functions of the placenta. Answer: metabolic,
respiratory, nutrition, excretion, storage, transportation, bone
development, muscle development.
●what is the metabolic function of the placenta. Answer: responsible
for respiration, nutrition, excretion, and storage
●what is the respiration function of the placenta. Answer: oxygen
diffuses from the maternal blood across the placental membrane into
the fetal blood, and CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction
●what is the nutrition function of the placenta. Answer: water, salts,
carbs, proteins, fats, and vitamins pass from the maternal blood
supply across the placental membrane into the fetal blood, supplying
nutrition
●what is the excretion function of the placenta. Answer: metabolic
waste products of the fetus cross the placental membrane from the
fetal blood into the maternal blood for excretion by the maternal
kidneys
