CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR PSYC3402 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | PSYC3402 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE & PRACTICE TEST
2026/2027
Select a crime that occurs on Carleton's campus (e.g., theft from cars in the car park) and come up with a
couple of CPTED (crime prevention through environmental design) strategies for reducing your chosen
crime. - ANS ✔✔There are many different crimes that happen on university campuses. These crimes can
be violence related, theft related, vandalism related, etc. I think small thefts is one that occurs quite
frequently. Ways to decrease the instances of theft on campus through CPTED include installing CCTV's
throughout campus, locking doors to rooms when staff (professors, etc.) are not present, and putting
important items away when not in use. All of these strategies can decrease the temptation of theft or
create a barrier making theft harder. The less temptation and harder to commit can deter many people
from stealing on campus.
According to Holofcener (2005), the typical white-collar offender is: - ANS ✔✔White, male,
approximately 40 years old, with greater educational attainment compared to other types of offenders
What is one of the criteria that defines a "criminal organization" in Section 467.1 of the Criminal Code? -
ANS ✔✔A criminal organization is composed of 3 or more people
The United Nations created the Human Trafficking Protocol. Among other things, the Protocol outlines
three specific elements of human trafficking. These elements include: - ANS ✔✔The act, the means, the
purpose
A risk assessment instrument, the LS/CMI, found that __________________ is the number one issue for
gang members when thinking about their risk to re-offend. - ANS ✔✔Substance use
According to your lecture, property crimes can be categorized into: - ANS ✔✔Theft or break and enter
Monica is the Chief Operating Officer of a large company. She uses her position to take company money
and property. According to your lecture, Monica is committing: - ANS ✔✔Embezzlement
A gang in which the main motives are either survival/emotional needs, thrill seeking, alleviation of
boredom, and/or retribution, have been deemed: - ANS ✔✔Purposive groups/gangs
Who proposed strain theory? - ANS ✔✔Merton
What two factors do offenders consider when deciding whether to commit a crime, according to rational
choice theory? - ANS ✔✔The risks associated with the crime and the potential benefits
Identify the 3 points of Cressey's Fraud Triangle: - ANS ✔✔Pressure, opportunity, and rationalization
Instrumental violence has also been referred to as: - ANS ✔✔Predatory violence
, The "structured professional judgment" approach to risk assessment involves: - ANS ✔✔Using a
selection of factors derived from empirical research on recidivism, plus case specific factors that are
deemed relevant by the assessor
Compared to serial murderers, mass murderers: - ANS ✔✔Don't exhibit cooling off periods between
their crimes
A recent meta-analysis summarizing the accuracy of various risk-assessment instruments, which was
discussed in your lecture, found that in predicting violent recidivism: - ANS ✔✔The SAQ and the VRAG
were among the best predictors of violent recidivism
The General Aggression Model describes two types of inputs that can influence aggression. What are
these two inputs? - ANS ✔✔Person and situation
According to the meta-analysis on the effectiveness of treatment for violent offenders conducted by
Joliffe and Farrington (2007): - ANS ✔✔Anger should be a key target of treatment if we want to reduce
violent re-offending
Threats and acts of violence that are motivated by hostility towards the victim's race, ethnicity, language,
religion, or sexual orientation are known as: - ANS ✔✔Hate crimes
Some threats to validity occur in every study, which limit the inferences that one can draw from the
evidence. The extent to which the evidence collected in a study reflects a causal relationship between
the variables that are measured or manipulated in the study is referred to as: - ANS ✔✔Internal validity
What are some of the ways that Correctional Service Canada (CSC) tries to effectively deal with mentally
disordered offenders? Discuss some of the approaches put into place within CSC to assess, track, and/or
treat inmates suffering from mental health issues. - ANS ✔✔CSC has different levels of treatment -
acute, intermediate, and primary. Having different levels of treatment create more opportunity for
MDOs to seek the treatment they need. It would be unfair to assume an MDO needs acute care when
maybe they only need primary care, or vice versa.
CSC attempts to track the prevalence of MDOs and rates of disorders among male vs. female offenders
through research findings, gathering data, and CMHISS screening. COs also do immediate needs
checklists to look for suicide risks and those individuals will be followed up with.
CSC also have partnerships with mental health services/hospitals around Canada that allow certain
offenders to access services closer to their hometown. These partnerships also offer opportunities for
offenders who have tried treatment/services within CSC and do not have any/much progress. These
hospitals may have more tools or services that can be tried to make progress with the offender.
According to Dr. Bennell's lecture, which of the following axes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) includes disorders that impact an individual's ability to form criminal intent? -
ANS ✔✔Axis 1
According to Dr. Bennell's lecture, what is the most common crime committed by offenders with
antisocial personality disorder? - ANS ✔✔Robbery
According to Heilburn et al. (1992), which group of offenders is most likely to receive aversion
treatment? - ANS ✔✔Sex offenders
ANSWERS | PSYC3402 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE & PRACTICE TEST
2026/2027
Select a crime that occurs on Carleton's campus (e.g., theft from cars in the car park) and come up with a
couple of CPTED (crime prevention through environmental design) strategies for reducing your chosen
crime. - ANS ✔✔There are many different crimes that happen on university campuses. These crimes can
be violence related, theft related, vandalism related, etc. I think small thefts is one that occurs quite
frequently. Ways to decrease the instances of theft on campus through CPTED include installing CCTV's
throughout campus, locking doors to rooms when staff (professors, etc.) are not present, and putting
important items away when not in use. All of these strategies can decrease the temptation of theft or
create a barrier making theft harder. The less temptation and harder to commit can deter many people
from stealing on campus.
According to Holofcener (2005), the typical white-collar offender is: - ANS ✔✔White, male,
approximately 40 years old, with greater educational attainment compared to other types of offenders
What is one of the criteria that defines a "criminal organization" in Section 467.1 of the Criminal Code? -
ANS ✔✔A criminal organization is composed of 3 or more people
The United Nations created the Human Trafficking Protocol. Among other things, the Protocol outlines
three specific elements of human trafficking. These elements include: - ANS ✔✔The act, the means, the
purpose
A risk assessment instrument, the LS/CMI, found that __________________ is the number one issue for
gang members when thinking about their risk to re-offend. - ANS ✔✔Substance use
According to your lecture, property crimes can be categorized into: - ANS ✔✔Theft or break and enter
Monica is the Chief Operating Officer of a large company. She uses her position to take company money
and property. According to your lecture, Monica is committing: - ANS ✔✔Embezzlement
A gang in which the main motives are either survival/emotional needs, thrill seeking, alleviation of
boredom, and/or retribution, have been deemed: - ANS ✔✔Purposive groups/gangs
Who proposed strain theory? - ANS ✔✔Merton
What two factors do offenders consider when deciding whether to commit a crime, according to rational
choice theory? - ANS ✔✔The risks associated with the crime and the potential benefits
Identify the 3 points of Cressey's Fraud Triangle: - ANS ✔✔Pressure, opportunity, and rationalization
Instrumental violence has also been referred to as: - ANS ✔✔Predatory violence
, The "structured professional judgment" approach to risk assessment involves: - ANS ✔✔Using a
selection of factors derived from empirical research on recidivism, plus case specific factors that are
deemed relevant by the assessor
Compared to serial murderers, mass murderers: - ANS ✔✔Don't exhibit cooling off periods between
their crimes
A recent meta-analysis summarizing the accuracy of various risk-assessment instruments, which was
discussed in your lecture, found that in predicting violent recidivism: - ANS ✔✔The SAQ and the VRAG
were among the best predictors of violent recidivism
The General Aggression Model describes two types of inputs that can influence aggression. What are
these two inputs? - ANS ✔✔Person and situation
According to the meta-analysis on the effectiveness of treatment for violent offenders conducted by
Joliffe and Farrington (2007): - ANS ✔✔Anger should be a key target of treatment if we want to reduce
violent re-offending
Threats and acts of violence that are motivated by hostility towards the victim's race, ethnicity, language,
religion, or sexual orientation are known as: - ANS ✔✔Hate crimes
Some threats to validity occur in every study, which limit the inferences that one can draw from the
evidence. The extent to which the evidence collected in a study reflects a causal relationship between
the variables that are measured or manipulated in the study is referred to as: - ANS ✔✔Internal validity
What are some of the ways that Correctional Service Canada (CSC) tries to effectively deal with mentally
disordered offenders? Discuss some of the approaches put into place within CSC to assess, track, and/or
treat inmates suffering from mental health issues. - ANS ✔✔CSC has different levels of treatment -
acute, intermediate, and primary. Having different levels of treatment create more opportunity for
MDOs to seek the treatment they need. It would be unfair to assume an MDO needs acute care when
maybe they only need primary care, or vice versa.
CSC attempts to track the prevalence of MDOs and rates of disorders among male vs. female offenders
through research findings, gathering data, and CMHISS screening. COs also do immediate needs
checklists to look for suicide risks and those individuals will be followed up with.
CSC also have partnerships with mental health services/hospitals around Canada that allow certain
offenders to access services closer to their hometown. These partnerships also offer opportunities for
offenders who have tried treatment/services within CSC and do not have any/much progress. These
hospitals may have more tools or services that can be tried to make progress with the offender.
According to Dr. Bennell's lecture, which of the following axes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) includes disorders that impact an individual's ability to form criminal intent? -
ANS ✔✔Axis 1
According to Dr. Bennell's lecture, what is the most common crime committed by offenders with
antisocial personality disorder? - ANS ✔✔Robbery
According to Heilburn et al. (1992), which group of offenders is most likely to receive aversion
treatment? - ANS ✔✔Sex offenders
