Unit 3 NU 545 exam
QUESTIONS AND STUDY GUIDE
ACCURATE EXAM COMPLETE
APPROVED QUESTIONS WITH
WELL ELABORATED SOLUTIONS
AND DETAILED RATIONALES
(100% CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS) CURRENTLY UP
Terms in this set (211)
What is an STI? (affect more than 20 million STI: is the general term for any disease that can be spread by
Americans per year, and 1/2 are younger intimate and/or sexual contact.
than 25 years. Hidden epidemic. Includes systemic diseases such as hepatitis and
tuberculosis
Is prevalent in all socioeconomic and racial or ethnic
groups Individuals who have unprotected nonmonogamous
sex have the greatest risk for STI exposure and infection.
Types of sexually transmitted urogenital Bacterial -(gonorrhea-syphilis-chancroid-granuloma
infections inguinale-bacterial vaginosis)
Viral
Protozoal
Parasitic
Fungal
,Gonorrhea (Bacterial infection)
Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI)
• Rare systemic complication brought about by the
spread of infection through the bloodstream
• Life-threatening condition causing a generalized
rash and severe joint pain
Perihepatitis
• Spread of N. gonorrhoeae to
the liver Ophthalmia neonatorum
• Gonococcal eye infection in an infant from an
infected mother (most states require prophylactic opthalmic
antibiotics to prevent gonococcal eye infection. Topical
antibiotics may not be effective in eliminating neonatal
infection and systemic tx. is indicated for all newborns with
known exposure. (onset of symptoms 1-12 days) Newborns
may also develop gonorrheal rhinitis.
Gonnorhea (Bacterial infection)
Is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Transmission generally requires the contact of epithelial
surfaces such as vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse, and
infection in the adults can be in the vagina, rectum,
oropharynx, and the urethra.
Pregnant woman can pass gonorrhea to her fetus through
infected cervical and vaginal secretions, and a mother can
pass it to her newborn child. Following vertical transmission,
the newborn eyes can be infected and result in blindness if
untreated.
Humans are the only natural hosts.
Presence of pili helps N. gonorrhoeae attach to the
epithelial cells of mucous membranes.
Why is treatment for gonorrhea becoming because of rapidly developing resistance to antibiotics. CDC
more difficult? and WHO advise dual drug treatment to treat the infection
and staunch increasing resistance.
Antibiotic resistance is most common in those who frequently
have oral and anal intercourse (men with men) CDC says
gonorrhea likely to become resistant to all antibiotics in the
near future.
Common sites/complications of gonorrhea • Endocervical canal (inner portion of the cervix):
(Bacterial infection) most common site for women
• Urethra
• Skene and/or Bartholin glands
• Urethra or rectum: most common site
for men Complications:
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Sterility
• Disseminated infection
,Clinical manifestations of gonorrhea
(Bacterial infection)
• Men: sudden onset of painful urination or purulent
penile discharge, or both (within a week from infection)
• Women (within 10 days of exposure or 1-2 days
after the next period. More than half are
asymptomatic
Symptoms often do not appear until they have spread to the
upper reproductive tract (uterus, fallopian/uterine tubes, and
ovaries)
Dysuria (difficult/painful urination)
Increased vaginal discharge, increased flow or dysmenorrhea,
dyspareunia (painful sex) , lower abdominal and/or pelvic
pain Fever; mucopurulent discharge from the cervical os
treatment for gonorrhea • Antibiotic (ceftriaxone)
(Bacterial infection) • Multidrug administration to reduce resistance
• Resistant to many antibiotics
• Treatment of partners
• Avoidance of sex until infection resolved, then
usage of condoms
What is syphilis? (Bacterial infection)
On the increase from men having sex with men
Treponema pallidum (anaerobic spirochete)
• Is a corkscrew-shaped, anaerobic bacterium that
cannot be cultured in vitro (grow in human organ or tissue
only)
• Infects any body tissue
• Becomes a systemic disease shortly after
infection Maternal-fetal transmission can occur as early
as 9 weeks’ gestation.
Tests
• Darkfield microscopy and serologic testing
Where is the bacteria from syphillis present? exudate from moist mucosal or cutaneous lesions, the
(Bacterial infection) spirochete is usually transmitted to others during the first few
years of infection.
Why does untreated early syphilis result in Because the spirochete can cross the placental membrane
perinatal death (40-70%) during to infect the fetus. However, simple tx with penicillin is 98%
pregnancy? (Bacterial infection) effective at preventing vertical transmission (from mother
to baby during the period immediately before and after
birth) . Therefore, all pregnant women should be
screened at their first prenatal visit, and women at risk
should be screened again in the 3rd trimester and at the
time of delivery.
, The course of untreated syphilis consists of
4 stages: Primary syphilis: local invasion
Stage 1 Primary (usually painless, round, Treponema pallidum multiplies in epithelium producing
and hard sores) granulomatous tissue reaction (chancre)
Secondary From 12 days to 12 weeks after exposure
Latent Average duration: 3 weeks
Tertiary Granulomatous tissue reaction: hard chancre (eroded,
painless, firm, and indurated [hard] ulcer)
Microorganisms drain with the lymphatic fluid
Firm, enlarged, and nontender regional lymph nodes
Stage 2, secondary syphilis Secondary syphilis: systemic disease: blood-borne bacteria
spread to all major organs. There is a period in which the
immune system can suppress the infection. Even without
treatment, spontaneous resolution of the skin lesions occurs
and the individual enters the latent stages of infection.
systemic manifestations:
Develops 6 weeks after the first appearance of the
chancre Low-grade fever, malaise, sore throat,
hoarseness
Anorexia, generalized adenopathy, headache, joint pain, and
skin or mucous membrane lesions or rashes
Condylomata lata (a raised growth on the skin resembling a
wart typically in the genital region)
Stage 3, Latent syphilis Latent syphilis: May be subdivided into early and late stages;
however serologic studies show that syphilis is present, but
there are no clinical manifestation. Transmission remains
possible at this phase.
◻Duration: as short as 1 year or as long as a lifetime
◻Divided into early and late stages
◻Medical evidence of the infection; asymptomatic individual
QUESTIONS AND STUDY GUIDE
ACCURATE EXAM COMPLETE
APPROVED QUESTIONS WITH
WELL ELABORATED SOLUTIONS
AND DETAILED RATIONALES
(100% CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS) CURRENTLY UP
Terms in this set (211)
What is an STI? (affect more than 20 million STI: is the general term for any disease that can be spread by
Americans per year, and 1/2 are younger intimate and/or sexual contact.
than 25 years. Hidden epidemic. Includes systemic diseases such as hepatitis and
tuberculosis
Is prevalent in all socioeconomic and racial or ethnic
groups Individuals who have unprotected nonmonogamous
sex have the greatest risk for STI exposure and infection.
Types of sexually transmitted urogenital Bacterial -(gonorrhea-syphilis-chancroid-granuloma
infections inguinale-bacterial vaginosis)
Viral
Protozoal
Parasitic
Fungal
,Gonorrhea (Bacterial infection)
Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI)
• Rare systemic complication brought about by the
spread of infection through the bloodstream
• Life-threatening condition causing a generalized
rash and severe joint pain
Perihepatitis
• Spread of N. gonorrhoeae to
the liver Ophthalmia neonatorum
• Gonococcal eye infection in an infant from an
infected mother (most states require prophylactic opthalmic
antibiotics to prevent gonococcal eye infection. Topical
antibiotics may not be effective in eliminating neonatal
infection and systemic tx. is indicated for all newborns with
known exposure. (onset of symptoms 1-12 days) Newborns
may also develop gonorrheal rhinitis.
Gonnorhea (Bacterial infection)
Is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Transmission generally requires the contact of epithelial
surfaces such as vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse, and
infection in the adults can be in the vagina, rectum,
oropharynx, and the urethra.
Pregnant woman can pass gonorrhea to her fetus through
infected cervical and vaginal secretions, and a mother can
pass it to her newborn child. Following vertical transmission,
the newborn eyes can be infected and result in blindness if
untreated.
Humans are the only natural hosts.
Presence of pili helps N. gonorrhoeae attach to the
epithelial cells of mucous membranes.
Why is treatment for gonorrhea becoming because of rapidly developing resistance to antibiotics. CDC
more difficult? and WHO advise dual drug treatment to treat the infection
and staunch increasing resistance.
Antibiotic resistance is most common in those who frequently
have oral and anal intercourse (men with men) CDC says
gonorrhea likely to become resistant to all antibiotics in the
near future.
Common sites/complications of gonorrhea • Endocervical canal (inner portion of the cervix):
(Bacterial infection) most common site for women
• Urethra
• Skene and/or Bartholin glands
• Urethra or rectum: most common site
for men Complications:
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Sterility
• Disseminated infection
,Clinical manifestations of gonorrhea
(Bacterial infection)
• Men: sudden onset of painful urination or purulent
penile discharge, or both (within a week from infection)
• Women (within 10 days of exposure or 1-2 days
after the next period. More than half are
asymptomatic
Symptoms often do not appear until they have spread to the
upper reproductive tract (uterus, fallopian/uterine tubes, and
ovaries)
Dysuria (difficult/painful urination)
Increased vaginal discharge, increased flow or dysmenorrhea,
dyspareunia (painful sex) , lower abdominal and/or pelvic
pain Fever; mucopurulent discharge from the cervical os
treatment for gonorrhea • Antibiotic (ceftriaxone)
(Bacterial infection) • Multidrug administration to reduce resistance
• Resistant to many antibiotics
• Treatment of partners
• Avoidance of sex until infection resolved, then
usage of condoms
What is syphilis? (Bacterial infection)
On the increase from men having sex with men
Treponema pallidum (anaerobic spirochete)
• Is a corkscrew-shaped, anaerobic bacterium that
cannot be cultured in vitro (grow in human organ or tissue
only)
• Infects any body tissue
• Becomes a systemic disease shortly after
infection Maternal-fetal transmission can occur as early
as 9 weeks’ gestation.
Tests
• Darkfield microscopy and serologic testing
Where is the bacteria from syphillis present? exudate from moist mucosal or cutaneous lesions, the
(Bacterial infection) spirochete is usually transmitted to others during the first few
years of infection.
Why does untreated early syphilis result in Because the spirochete can cross the placental membrane
perinatal death (40-70%) during to infect the fetus. However, simple tx with penicillin is 98%
pregnancy? (Bacterial infection) effective at preventing vertical transmission (from mother
to baby during the period immediately before and after
birth) . Therefore, all pregnant women should be
screened at their first prenatal visit, and women at risk
should be screened again in the 3rd trimester and at the
time of delivery.
, The course of untreated syphilis consists of
4 stages: Primary syphilis: local invasion
Stage 1 Primary (usually painless, round, Treponema pallidum multiplies in epithelium producing
and hard sores) granulomatous tissue reaction (chancre)
Secondary From 12 days to 12 weeks after exposure
Latent Average duration: 3 weeks
Tertiary Granulomatous tissue reaction: hard chancre (eroded,
painless, firm, and indurated [hard] ulcer)
Microorganisms drain with the lymphatic fluid
Firm, enlarged, and nontender regional lymph nodes
Stage 2, secondary syphilis Secondary syphilis: systemic disease: blood-borne bacteria
spread to all major organs. There is a period in which the
immune system can suppress the infection. Even without
treatment, spontaneous resolution of the skin lesions occurs
and the individual enters the latent stages of infection.
systemic manifestations:
Develops 6 weeks after the first appearance of the
chancre Low-grade fever, malaise, sore throat,
hoarseness
Anorexia, generalized adenopathy, headache, joint pain, and
skin or mucous membrane lesions or rashes
Condylomata lata (a raised growth on the skin resembling a
wart typically in the genital region)
Stage 3, Latent syphilis Latent syphilis: May be subdivided into early and late stages;
however serologic studies show that syphilis is present, but
there are no clinical manifestation. Transmission remains
possible at this phase.
◻Duration: as short as 1 year or as long as a lifetime
◻Divided into early and late stages
◻Medical evidence of the infection; asymptomatic individual
