NU 545 Pathophysiology Unit 4
Questions and Answers
Terms in this set (138)
Erythropoiesis More detail in notes.
1. In bone marrow, erythroid progenitor cells become
large nucleated proerythroblasts.
2.Proerythroblasts go through several intermediate forms of
erythroblasts while synthesizing hgb, eliminate most
intracellular structures including nucleus to become
more compact
3.Last immature form is a reticulocyte. Matures into
an erythrocyte in 1-2 days.
4. Mitochondria and ribosomes disappear, cell becomes disk
like, loses capacity for hgb synthesis and oxidative
metabolism. Stay in marrow one more day then released
into venous sinuses, mature in bloodstream, travel to
spleen to mature further
1% recycled q24h.
,Know function and life span of RBCs and
RBCs or erythrocytes: the most abundant cells of the blood -
platelets
primarily
responsible for tissue oxygenation
Contains hemoglobin (carries the gases and electrolytes) à
regulates
diffusion through a cell's plasma membrane.
• Mature erythrocyte lacks a nucleus and
cytoplasmic organelles (e.g.,
mitochondria), à cannot synthesize protein or carry out
oxidative
reactions (CANNOT UNDERGO MITOTIC DIVISION)
• Has a limited life span of about 100 to 120 days
• Erythrocyte's size and shape à biconcave with the
capacity to be
reversibly deformed - functions great as a gas carrier)
Platelets or thrombocytes: not true cells (irregularly-shaped
cytoplasmic
fragments)
• Essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding
• Formed by fragmentation of very large cells known
as megakaryocytes
• A platelet circulates for about 10 days, ages, and is
removed by
macrophages of the MPS, mostly in the spleen
• Contain cytoplasmic granules à injury to blood vessel
à release
biochemical mediators (contents are pro-inflammatory)
Know the process of hemoglobin synthesis.
1. Protoporphyrin: Chemical reactions -> produces four
What is methemoglobin?
ringed molecule -> Bound with ferrous iron
-Must be properly charged, Fe2+, not Fe3+.
2.Oxyhemoglobin: Binding of O2 to ferrous iron ->
Temporarily oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+ -> After releease of O2 ->
Body reduces the Iron to Fe2+ (BINDS O2)
3.Deoxyhemoglobin (reduced Hgb): Reactivates Hgb
capacity to bind O2
4. Metheglobin forms the O2 carrying metalloprotein
Hgb (iron in the heme group is in the Fe3+ not Fe2+ state).
Cannot bind with O2 without reactivation by
methemoglobin reductase (Fe3+ containing Hgb cannot
bind O2). (CARRIES O2)
Granulocytes Granulocytes are phagocytes; have many membrane-bound
granules in their cytoplasm containing enzymes capable of
killing microorganisms and
catabolizing debris ingested during phagocytosis and
biochemical mediators with inflammatory / immune
functions à neutrophils, basophils, and
eosinophils; capable of amoeboid movement (migrate
through vessel walls (diapedesis) à sites where their action is
needed)
, Granulocytes: Neutrophils 1. Neutrophils (most numerous, 57%-67%)
• Defend against infection
• Are referred to as polymorphonuclear neutrophils
(PMNs)
• Serve as phagocytes in early inflammation
• Ingest and destroy microorganisms and debris
and then die in 1 or 2 days
• Immature form: bands or stabs
• Mature form: segmented
Granulocytes: Basophils • Contain histamine, hemotactic factors, proteolytic
enzymes, heparin
• Increase at the sites of allergic inflammatory
reactions and parasitic infection, particularly exoparasites
(e.g., ticks)
• Secrete inflammatory mediators (e.g., histamine,
chemotactic factors for eosinophils and neutrophils)
• Contribute to the local inflammatory response
Granulocytes: Eosinophils • Are capable of amoeboid movement and
phagocytosis
• Ingest antigen-antibody complexes and viruses
• Release cytokines and leukotrienes that
augment the inflammatory response
• Increase in type I hypersensitivity allergic
reactions and asthma
• Increase and attack parasitic infections
Granulocytes: Mast Cells • Are highly similar to basophils
• Are the central cells in inflammation
• Are found in vascularized connective tissue
• Activation and degranulation affect body cells
Increased permeability of blood vessels and smooth muscle
contraction
Agranulocytes: monocytes (phagocytes), macrophages (phagocytes), and
lymphocytes (immunocytes); contain fewer granules in
cytoplasm than granulocytes
Agranulocytes: Monocytes Monocytes and macrophages make up the
mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)
• Are found in tissue and lymphoid organs
• Provide the main line of defense against
bacteria in the bloodstream
• Cleanse the blood by removing old, injured, or
dead blood cells
Monocytes: are the precursor to macrophage and
dendritic cells
Agranulocytes: Macrophages Macrophages
• Remove old and damaged cells and large
molecules from circulation
• Are the major "antigen-processing" and "antigen-
presenting" cells that initiate immune responses
• Initiate wound healing and tissue remodeling
Questions and Answers
Terms in this set (138)
Erythropoiesis More detail in notes.
1. In bone marrow, erythroid progenitor cells become
large nucleated proerythroblasts.
2.Proerythroblasts go through several intermediate forms of
erythroblasts while synthesizing hgb, eliminate most
intracellular structures including nucleus to become
more compact
3.Last immature form is a reticulocyte. Matures into
an erythrocyte in 1-2 days.
4. Mitochondria and ribosomes disappear, cell becomes disk
like, loses capacity for hgb synthesis and oxidative
metabolism. Stay in marrow one more day then released
into venous sinuses, mature in bloodstream, travel to
spleen to mature further
1% recycled q24h.
,Know function and life span of RBCs and
RBCs or erythrocytes: the most abundant cells of the blood -
platelets
primarily
responsible for tissue oxygenation
Contains hemoglobin (carries the gases and electrolytes) à
regulates
diffusion through a cell's plasma membrane.
• Mature erythrocyte lacks a nucleus and
cytoplasmic organelles (e.g.,
mitochondria), à cannot synthesize protein or carry out
oxidative
reactions (CANNOT UNDERGO MITOTIC DIVISION)
• Has a limited life span of about 100 to 120 days
• Erythrocyte's size and shape à biconcave with the
capacity to be
reversibly deformed - functions great as a gas carrier)
Platelets or thrombocytes: not true cells (irregularly-shaped
cytoplasmic
fragments)
• Essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding
• Formed by fragmentation of very large cells known
as megakaryocytes
• A platelet circulates for about 10 days, ages, and is
removed by
macrophages of the MPS, mostly in the spleen
• Contain cytoplasmic granules à injury to blood vessel
à release
biochemical mediators (contents are pro-inflammatory)
Know the process of hemoglobin synthesis.
1. Protoporphyrin: Chemical reactions -> produces four
What is methemoglobin?
ringed molecule -> Bound with ferrous iron
-Must be properly charged, Fe2+, not Fe3+.
2.Oxyhemoglobin: Binding of O2 to ferrous iron ->
Temporarily oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+ -> After releease of O2 ->
Body reduces the Iron to Fe2+ (BINDS O2)
3.Deoxyhemoglobin (reduced Hgb): Reactivates Hgb
capacity to bind O2
4. Metheglobin forms the O2 carrying metalloprotein
Hgb (iron in the heme group is in the Fe3+ not Fe2+ state).
Cannot bind with O2 without reactivation by
methemoglobin reductase (Fe3+ containing Hgb cannot
bind O2). (CARRIES O2)
Granulocytes Granulocytes are phagocytes; have many membrane-bound
granules in their cytoplasm containing enzymes capable of
killing microorganisms and
catabolizing debris ingested during phagocytosis and
biochemical mediators with inflammatory / immune
functions à neutrophils, basophils, and
eosinophils; capable of amoeboid movement (migrate
through vessel walls (diapedesis) à sites where their action is
needed)
, Granulocytes: Neutrophils 1. Neutrophils (most numerous, 57%-67%)
• Defend against infection
• Are referred to as polymorphonuclear neutrophils
(PMNs)
• Serve as phagocytes in early inflammation
• Ingest and destroy microorganisms and debris
and then die in 1 or 2 days
• Immature form: bands or stabs
• Mature form: segmented
Granulocytes: Basophils • Contain histamine, hemotactic factors, proteolytic
enzymes, heparin
• Increase at the sites of allergic inflammatory
reactions and parasitic infection, particularly exoparasites
(e.g., ticks)
• Secrete inflammatory mediators (e.g., histamine,
chemotactic factors for eosinophils and neutrophils)
• Contribute to the local inflammatory response
Granulocytes: Eosinophils • Are capable of amoeboid movement and
phagocytosis
• Ingest antigen-antibody complexes and viruses
• Release cytokines and leukotrienes that
augment the inflammatory response
• Increase in type I hypersensitivity allergic
reactions and asthma
• Increase and attack parasitic infections
Granulocytes: Mast Cells • Are highly similar to basophils
• Are the central cells in inflammation
• Are found in vascularized connective tissue
• Activation and degranulation affect body cells
Increased permeability of blood vessels and smooth muscle
contraction
Agranulocytes: monocytes (phagocytes), macrophages (phagocytes), and
lymphocytes (immunocytes); contain fewer granules in
cytoplasm than granulocytes
Agranulocytes: Monocytes Monocytes and macrophages make up the
mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)
• Are found in tissue and lymphoid organs
• Provide the main line of defense against
bacteria in the bloodstream
• Cleanse the blood by removing old, injured, or
dead blood cells
Monocytes: are the precursor to macrophage and
dendritic cells
Agranulocytes: Macrophages Macrophages
• Remove old and damaged cells and large
molecules from circulation
• Are the major "antigen-processing" and "antigen-
presenting" cells that initiate immune responses
• Initiate wound healing and tissue remodeling
