EXAM 4 MIC 205 DAYDIF UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. what does active mean?
Answer:
the person is making the immune response
not getting immune response from someone else
Question:
2. what does passive mean?
Answer:
immune response passed from one person to another
Question:
3. naturally acquired active immunity
Answer:
antigens enter body naturally through infection + immune system produces antibodies and specialized
lymphocytes
Question:
4. T/F: immunity length can vary upon the agent
Answer:
TRUE
Question:
5. life-long immunity means?
Answer:
once you are exposed to these agents + your immune system makes antibodies against these, you have
immunity for life
Question:
6. which antigens do we have life-long immunity against?
Answer:
chickenpox, measles, smallpox, yellow fever
Question:
7. immune system does not build immunity at all to which agents?
Answer:
influenza + pneumonia
agent enters, immune system mounts response, memory cells do not stay around + are lost. once exposed,
immune system removes agent. next time you are exposed, immune system starts from scratch again
Question:
8. immune systems loses immunity after a few years to which antigens?
,Answer:
diphtheria + tetanus
need a new shot every 5-7 years
Question:
9. naturally acquired passive immunity
Answer:
antibodies produced in body of a donor are naturally transferred into body of recipient
IgA antibodies passed from mom to baby via breastmilk or placenta, last 1 year to 15 months, eventually
antibodies disappear + baby mounts their own immune response
Question:
10. artificially acquired active immunity
Answer:
antigens are intentionally introduced in vaccines + body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
Question:
11. artifically acquired passive immunity
Answer:
Introduction of antibody-rich serum (blood plasma w/o clotting factors) taken from diseased individual to
another susceptible individual
quick response
passive = person receives antibodies
artificial = done in lab or in horse
get bit by snake, milk snake to get venom, inject it into large mammal like a horse to produce antibodies to
neutralize snake toxin, bleed horse + isolate antibodies, give you a shot of antivenom in hospital
Question:
12. passive vs. active immunization
Answer:
passive = start off with injection, antibodies used up to fight agent, amount of antibodies quickly declines
bc person is not building any more antibodies for 10-14 days
active = natural exposure or vaccine, start with injection of antigen, mount immune response, but you need
a threshold dose of antibodies in your system to be truly immune + to prevent signs and symptoms to
become asymptomatic. might need boosters to keep you above threshold concentration
Question:
13. 2 types of cancer vaccines
Answer:
preventative = used to prevent cancer by targeting viruses that lead to cancer like HPV + hepatitis B
therapeutic = used to treat patients with cancer, most are in experimental stage
Question:
14. T/F: just because you are above threshold does not mean you cannot be infected with virus
, Answer:
TRUE
you have chickenpox vaccine, come across someone with chickenpox virus, virus can still enter you + lay
dormant until you're older + come back as shingles
Question:
15. history of smallpox
Answer:
epidemics in Europe, killing half the people, people who survived were disfigured with divots in deeper
layers of their skin, once smallpox affected royals, treatment options started happening
Edward Jenner studied subset of people who never got smallpox again (people who survived + milkmaids).
cows had cowpox, milkmaids got cowpox virus inside of them. cowpox closely related to smallpox,
memory cells were suffice to neutralize smallpox virus. wanted to use cowpox virus to vaccinate everyone
Question:
16. considerations of a flu vaccine?
Answer:
H + N glycoproteins on surface of flu virus
conserved areas = regions of glycoprotein that are similar from strain to strain
variable areas = each variation of H has these regions, difference between each
hoping immune system will neutralize conserved regions and
each flu szn need a diff flu shot due to variable regions
antigenic shift = more variable regions, more differences from strain to strain
antigenic drift = more conserved regions, more similarities from strain to strain
Question:
17. attenuated vaccine
Answer:
injecting live microorganisms, but it is weakened bc the virulence genes are removed, so the virus can
attach + replicate in your cells but not as quickly
this type of vaccine offers best protection bc immune system has multiple responses
Question:
18. 3 methods to design attenuated vaccine
Answer:
1) remove virulence genes from microbe = don't want to remove so much genetic info that you completely
change the microbe, you want microbe to be as close to original as possible so when you are actually
infected your immune system can protect you
2) find a closely related/less dangerous organism (cowpox protects you against smallpox) to produce a
broad immune response
3) cultivate microbe under diff conditions = culture microbe in diff cell lines w/ related receptors, microbe
learns to grow efficiently in non human cells, introduce it to human cells and microbe slowly replicates +
get less virus made + gives time for immune system to mount a response + do not feel signs and symptoms
bc its so slow
Question:
19. influenza vaccine
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. what does active mean?
Answer:
the person is making the immune response
not getting immune response from someone else
Question:
2. what does passive mean?
Answer:
immune response passed from one person to another
Question:
3. naturally acquired active immunity
Answer:
antigens enter body naturally through infection + immune system produces antibodies and specialized
lymphocytes
Question:
4. T/F: immunity length can vary upon the agent
Answer:
TRUE
Question:
5. life-long immunity means?
Answer:
once you are exposed to these agents + your immune system makes antibodies against these, you have
immunity for life
Question:
6. which antigens do we have life-long immunity against?
Answer:
chickenpox, measles, smallpox, yellow fever
Question:
7. immune system does not build immunity at all to which agents?
Answer:
influenza + pneumonia
agent enters, immune system mounts response, memory cells do not stay around + are lost. once exposed,
immune system removes agent. next time you are exposed, immune system starts from scratch again
Question:
8. immune systems loses immunity after a few years to which antigens?
,Answer:
diphtheria + tetanus
need a new shot every 5-7 years
Question:
9. naturally acquired passive immunity
Answer:
antibodies produced in body of a donor are naturally transferred into body of recipient
IgA antibodies passed from mom to baby via breastmilk or placenta, last 1 year to 15 months, eventually
antibodies disappear + baby mounts their own immune response
Question:
10. artificially acquired active immunity
Answer:
antigens are intentionally introduced in vaccines + body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
Question:
11. artifically acquired passive immunity
Answer:
Introduction of antibody-rich serum (blood plasma w/o clotting factors) taken from diseased individual to
another susceptible individual
quick response
passive = person receives antibodies
artificial = done in lab or in horse
get bit by snake, milk snake to get venom, inject it into large mammal like a horse to produce antibodies to
neutralize snake toxin, bleed horse + isolate antibodies, give you a shot of antivenom in hospital
Question:
12. passive vs. active immunization
Answer:
passive = start off with injection, antibodies used up to fight agent, amount of antibodies quickly declines
bc person is not building any more antibodies for 10-14 days
active = natural exposure or vaccine, start with injection of antigen, mount immune response, but you need
a threshold dose of antibodies in your system to be truly immune + to prevent signs and symptoms to
become asymptomatic. might need boosters to keep you above threshold concentration
Question:
13. 2 types of cancer vaccines
Answer:
preventative = used to prevent cancer by targeting viruses that lead to cancer like HPV + hepatitis B
therapeutic = used to treat patients with cancer, most are in experimental stage
Question:
14. T/F: just because you are above threshold does not mean you cannot be infected with virus
, Answer:
TRUE
you have chickenpox vaccine, come across someone with chickenpox virus, virus can still enter you + lay
dormant until you're older + come back as shingles
Question:
15. history of smallpox
Answer:
epidemics in Europe, killing half the people, people who survived were disfigured with divots in deeper
layers of their skin, once smallpox affected royals, treatment options started happening
Edward Jenner studied subset of people who never got smallpox again (people who survived + milkmaids).
cows had cowpox, milkmaids got cowpox virus inside of them. cowpox closely related to smallpox,
memory cells were suffice to neutralize smallpox virus. wanted to use cowpox virus to vaccinate everyone
Question:
16. considerations of a flu vaccine?
Answer:
H + N glycoproteins on surface of flu virus
conserved areas = regions of glycoprotein that are similar from strain to strain
variable areas = each variation of H has these regions, difference between each
hoping immune system will neutralize conserved regions and
each flu szn need a diff flu shot due to variable regions
antigenic shift = more variable regions, more differences from strain to strain
antigenic drift = more conserved regions, more similarities from strain to strain
Question:
17. attenuated vaccine
Answer:
injecting live microorganisms, but it is weakened bc the virulence genes are removed, so the virus can
attach + replicate in your cells but not as quickly
this type of vaccine offers best protection bc immune system has multiple responses
Question:
18. 3 methods to design attenuated vaccine
Answer:
1) remove virulence genes from microbe = don't want to remove so much genetic info that you completely
change the microbe, you want microbe to be as close to original as possible so when you are actually
infected your immune system can protect you
2) find a closely related/less dangerous organism (cowpox protects you against smallpox) to produce a
broad immune response
3) cultivate microbe under diff conditions = culture microbe in diff cell lines w/ related receptors, microbe
learns to grow efficiently in non human cells, introduce it to human cells and microbe slowly replicates +
get less virus made + gives time for immune system to mount a response + do not feel signs and symptoms
bc its so slow
Question:
19. influenza vaccine
