BLD 204 FINAL UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. • Describe the cell and cellular organelles. Know the
functions of the membrane and the organelles discussed
in class.
Answer:
Question:
2. What is Mitochondria
Answer:
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Question:
3. what is a Lysosome
Answer:
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules.
Garbage collectors breakdown cellular debris.
Question:
4. What is the nucleus?
Answer:
controls and regulates the activities of the cell and carries genes
Question:
5. what is smooth ER
Answer:
lipid synthesis, detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, It lacks ribo
Question:
6. What is the rough ER?
Answer:
membrane enclosed passageway for transporting materials. Studded with
ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis, and sends them to the golgi
,Question:
7. what is golgi complex
Answer:
receives vesicle, as proteins move through golgi body the protein are customized
into forms the cell can use, by folding the proteins or adding materials. post
office of the cell
Question:
8. What is a microtubule?
Answer:
hollow structures made up of proteins called Tubulins and form Centrioles.
supports cell and aids in cell movement
Question:
9. What is a microfilament?
Answer:
threadlike structures made of protein and Produce a flexible framework for the
cell. enable motility, contraction, and intracellular transport
Question:
10. Know the major causes of cell injury and the major
biochemical mechanisms of cell injury.
Answer:
- hypoxia
- toxins
- genetic problems
- physical damage
- irradiation
- infection
- immune system reactions
- nutritional causes of disease
- aging
Question:
11. what is hypoxia and the potential causes
Answer:
deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
causes: ischemia, inadequate blood oxygenation (not enough hemoglobin), lower
blood oxygen carrying capacity (carbon monoxide)
,Question:
12. What is ischemia?
Answer:
an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart
muscles.
Question:
13. what are toxins and possible causes
Answer:
substances cause damage to cells, often through membrane damage
causes:
too much of a good thing (like caffeine or sugar), poisons, ethanol, air pollutants,
and asbestos
Question:
14. what are genetic problems and possible causes
Answer:
congenital (born with it) or later mutations
causes:
inherited defects, accumulation of damaged DNA or proteins
Question:
15. what are physical damage and possible causes
Answer:
outside action by the physical world
causes:
temperature, mechanical damage, electric shock, barometric pressure, irradiation
irradiation:
categorized with physical damage: electromagnetic or particulate
danger from radiation is based on strength of dose and duration of dose and
what part of the body is exposed
Question:
16. what are infection and possible causes
Answer:
causes: infection by viruses, fungi, protozoa, other parasites, and bacteria cause
various types of damage
* toxins are especially likely culprits with cellular injury from bacteria
Question:
17. what are the causes a immune system reaction
Answer:
causes: autoimmunity, allergy, chronic inflammation
, Question:
18. what are nutritional causes
Answer:
causes: calorie deficiency, specific vitamin deficiencies, obesity, improper nutrition
example: a glycogen-replete hepatocyte will survive ischemia better than 1 that
has just burned its last glucose molecule
Question:
19. what is aging and how does it cause damage
Answer:
overall aging or senescence results in cells which are less able to respond to
damage
Question:
20. what areas cause the most harm to if injured
Answer:
mitochondria, calcium homeostasis, membrane (cell or lysosomes or
mitochondria), DNA, and protein folding
Question:
21. When does ATP depletion occur? And where is ATP
made?
Answer:
This occurs when hypoxia, lack of nutrients, damage to the mitochondria, and
some toxin
The major source of ATP is oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria.
Question:
22. What happens to the cell when ATP depletion occurs?
Answer:
Na+ pumps dont function -> no osmotic balance leads to -> cellular swelling/ER
dilation
Increase in anaerobic glycolysis to try to generate some ATP
Ca++ pumps fail: Ca++ influx
Protein synthesis is disrupted
CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. • Describe the cell and cellular organelles. Know the
functions of the membrane and the organelles discussed
in class.
Answer:
Question:
2. What is Mitochondria
Answer:
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Question:
3. what is a Lysosome
Answer:
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules.
Garbage collectors breakdown cellular debris.
Question:
4. What is the nucleus?
Answer:
controls and regulates the activities of the cell and carries genes
Question:
5. what is smooth ER
Answer:
lipid synthesis, detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, It lacks ribo
Question:
6. What is the rough ER?
Answer:
membrane enclosed passageway for transporting materials. Studded with
ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis, and sends them to the golgi
,Question:
7. what is golgi complex
Answer:
receives vesicle, as proteins move through golgi body the protein are customized
into forms the cell can use, by folding the proteins or adding materials. post
office of the cell
Question:
8. What is a microtubule?
Answer:
hollow structures made up of proteins called Tubulins and form Centrioles.
supports cell and aids in cell movement
Question:
9. What is a microfilament?
Answer:
threadlike structures made of protein and Produce a flexible framework for the
cell. enable motility, contraction, and intracellular transport
Question:
10. Know the major causes of cell injury and the major
biochemical mechanisms of cell injury.
Answer:
- hypoxia
- toxins
- genetic problems
- physical damage
- irradiation
- infection
- immune system reactions
- nutritional causes of disease
- aging
Question:
11. what is hypoxia and the potential causes
Answer:
deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
causes: ischemia, inadequate blood oxygenation (not enough hemoglobin), lower
blood oxygen carrying capacity (carbon monoxide)
,Question:
12. What is ischemia?
Answer:
an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart
muscles.
Question:
13. what are toxins and possible causes
Answer:
substances cause damage to cells, often through membrane damage
causes:
too much of a good thing (like caffeine or sugar), poisons, ethanol, air pollutants,
and asbestos
Question:
14. what are genetic problems and possible causes
Answer:
congenital (born with it) or later mutations
causes:
inherited defects, accumulation of damaged DNA or proteins
Question:
15. what are physical damage and possible causes
Answer:
outside action by the physical world
causes:
temperature, mechanical damage, electric shock, barometric pressure, irradiation
irradiation:
categorized with physical damage: electromagnetic or particulate
danger from radiation is based on strength of dose and duration of dose and
what part of the body is exposed
Question:
16. what are infection and possible causes
Answer:
causes: infection by viruses, fungi, protozoa, other parasites, and bacteria cause
various types of damage
* toxins are especially likely culprits with cellular injury from bacteria
Question:
17. what are the causes a immune system reaction
Answer:
causes: autoimmunity, allergy, chronic inflammation
, Question:
18. what are nutritional causes
Answer:
causes: calorie deficiency, specific vitamin deficiencies, obesity, improper nutrition
example: a glycogen-replete hepatocyte will survive ischemia better than 1 that
has just burned its last glucose molecule
Question:
19. what is aging and how does it cause damage
Answer:
overall aging or senescence results in cells which are less able to respond to
damage
Question:
20. what areas cause the most harm to if injured
Answer:
mitochondria, calcium homeostasis, membrane (cell or lysosomes or
mitochondria), DNA, and protein folding
Question:
21. When does ATP depletion occur? And where is ATP
made?
Answer:
This occurs when hypoxia, lack of nutrients, damage to the mitochondria, and
some toxin
The major source of ATP is oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria.
Question:
22. What happens to the cell when ATP depletion occurs?
Answer:
Na+ pumps dont function -> no osmotic balance leads to -> cellular swelling/ER
dilation
Increase in anaerobic glycolysis to try to generate some ATP
Ca++ pumps fail: Ca++ influx
Protein synthesis is disrupted
