PCA - Weeds Exam
Cotyledons first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant
First true leaf first leaves to emerge after cotyledons
Collar Region in grasses at the junction of the sheath and blade, often lighter colored
than surrounding tissue
Leaf blade flattened part of leaf
Node Meristematic point on a stem where one or more leaves arise
Internode Segment of plant between nodes
Leaf sheath Basal portion of a leaf, wrapped around the stem above a node. Almost
exclusively monocots
Petiole The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.
Auricle Small lobe or ear-shaped appendage found at the base of the leaf blade of
grasses. Aids in seedling identification
Ligule A membranous or hairy structure on the inside of a leaf at the junction of the leaf
blade and sheath
Awn A bristlelike appendage in grasses, usually a continuation of the mid-vein of the
bracts surrounding the flower
Hypocotyl The stem derived from the portion of the embryo located between the cotyledons
and the radicle
Inflorescence cluster of flowers
Coleoptile The covering of the young shoot of the embryo of a grass seed.
Tuber a swollen underground stem
Rhizome a horizontal, underground stem that produces new leaves, shoots, and roots
, PCA - Weeds Exam
Stolon a horizontal branch from the base of plant that produces new plants from buds at
its tips
Bulbs the round parts of some plants that are underground
Recognize the key features used to identify grass Leaf blade, collar, ligule, sheath
seedlings
Recognize the key features used to identify broadleaf Roots, leaf arrangement, leaf blade, leaf veins, cotyledons, true leaves
seedlings
What weeds are poisonous to animals? Jimsonweed, Nightshades, Common groundsel, coast fiddleneck, yellow
starthistle
Identify types of vegetative propagules. Runners, suckers, stolons, buds, rhizomes, bulbs
List of unique seed or vegetative growth structures that Plants with burs or spiked seeds that catch in animal fur, plants that disperse
plants have which aid in dispersal their seed with tumbling plant parts, plants with seed that are pappus-bearing for
dispersal by wind,
plants which spread with vegetative propagules
plants that produce prolific small seed
Examples of plants with burs or spiked seeds that catch Filaree, puncturevine, wild oat, foxtail barley, hare barley
in animal fur
Examples of plants that disperse their seed with tumbling Russian thistle
plant parts
Examples of plants with seed that are pappus-bearing for Hairy fleabane, common groundsel, cattails
dispersal by wind
Examples of plants which spread with vegetative Johnsongrass, yellow nutsedge, field bindweed
propagules
Examples of plants that produce prolific small seed Purslane, pigweed, smallflower umbrella sedge
List information that should be recorded when monitoring What weeds are present, where weeds are present, weather conditions, stage of
for weeds. weed growth
List resources to assist in weed identification UC IPM, Weed Pest Identification Monitoring Cards, CAC
Function of the xylem (apoplast) Nonliving tissue in plants that functions primarily to conducct water and mineral
nutrients from roots to the shoot
Function of the phloem (symplast) Living tissue in plants that functions primarily to transport metabolic compounds
such as sugars from the site of synthesis or storage to the site of utilization
, PCA - Weeds Exam
Function of chloroplast Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light energy for photosyntheis
Function of membranes Provide a semi-permeable barrier & control the movement of substances
Function of endodermis Ring of cells surrounds vascular cylinder
Cell walls are waterproof
Water can only enter vascular cylinder by moving through endodermal cells
Allows plant to control inward flow
Function of epidermis Outermost layer of cells covering all parts of the primary plant body above and
below ground
Function of cuticle prevents water loss
Function of apical meristem Meristem at the tip of the root or shoot in a vascular plant, capable of cell division
and plant growth
Function of root hairs these structures increase the surface area of the roots so that they can absorb
water efficiently
Function of root tip (meristem) Point of active cell division within roots
Function of stomata controls the entering and exiting of gases
Describe the conditions necessary for weed seeds to Adequate water, light, temperature
germinate
Compare how differing weed germination requirements Seedlings are most vulnerable, so different germination requirements will
affect management decisions. influence the management decision as to which method of germination will be
used pre- or post-plant
Define seed dormancy State in which viable seeds do not germinate. Seeds have to break dormancy
before germination.
Describe some factors that regulate or break seed Scarification/penetration of hard seed coat, chemical inhibition, temperature
dormancy
Describe the effect of seed size on dormancy and the Larger seed can germinate from deeper depths. Smaller seed can germinate
depth from which a weed seed can successfully from shallow depths.
germinate.
Smaller seed is more persistent than larger seed and can remain dormant for
longer periods of time.
Annual Weed Weed plant that completes its life cycle in 1 year
Cotyledons first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant
First true leaf first leaves to emerge after cotyledons
Collar Region in grasses at the junction of the sheath and blade, often lighter colored
than surrounding tissue
Leaf blade flattened part of leaf
Node Meristematic point on a stem where one or more leaves arise
Internode Segment of plant between nodes
Leaf sheath Basal portion of a leaf, wrapped around the stem above a node. Almost
exclusively monocots
Petiole The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.
Auricle Small lobe or ear-shaped appendage found at the base of the leaf blade of
grasses. Aids in seedling identification
Ligule A membranous or hairy structure on the inside of a leaf at the junction of the leaf
blade and sheath
Awn A bristlelike appendage in grasses, usually a continuation of the mid-vein of the
bracts surrounding the flower
Hypocotyl The stem derived from the portion of the embryo located between the cotyledons
and the radicle
Inflorescence cluster of flowers
Coleoptile The covering of the young shoot of the embryo of a grass seed.
Tuber a swollen underground stem
Rhizome a horizontal, underground stem that produces new leaves, shoots, and roots
, PCA - Weeds Exam
Stolon a horizontal branch from the base of plant that produces new plants from buds at
its tips
Bulbs the round parts of some plants that are underground
Recognize the key features used to identify grass Leaf blade, collar, ligule, sheath
seedlings
Recognize the key features used to identify broadleaf Roots, leaf arrangement, leaf blade, leaf veins, cotyledons, true leaves
seedlings
What weeds are poisonous to animals? Jimsonweed, Nightshades, Common groundsel, coast fiddleneck, yellow
starthistle
Identify types of vegetative propagules. Runners, suckers, stolons, buds, rhizomes, bulbs
List of unique seed or vegetative growth structures that Plants with burs or spiked seeds that catch in animal fur, plants that disperse
plants have which aid in dispersal their seed with tumbling plant parts, plants with seed that are pappus-bearing for
dispersal by wind,
plants which spread with vegetative propagules
plants that produce prolific small seed
Examples of plants with burs or spiked seeds that catch Filaree, puncturevine, wild oat, foxtail barley, hare barley
in animal fur
Examples of plants that disperse their seed with tumbling Russian thistle
plant parts
Examples of plants with seed that are pappus-bearing for Hairy fleabane, common groundsel, cattails
dispersal by wind
Examples of plants which spread with vegetative Johnsongrass, yellow nutsedge, field bindweed
propagules
Examples of plants that produce prolific small seed Purslane, pigweed, smallflower umbrella sedge
List information that should be recorded when monitoring What weeds are present, where weeds are present, weather conditions, stage of
for weeds. weed growth
List resources to assist in weed identification UC IPM, Weed Pest Identification Monitoring Cards, CAC
Function of the xylem (apoplast) Nonliving tissue in plants that functions primarily to conducct water and mineral
nutrients from roots to the shoot
Function of the phloem (symplast) Living tissue in plants that functions primarily to transport metabolic compounds
such as sugars from the site of synthesis or storage to the site of utilization
, PCA - Weeds Exam
Function of chloroplast Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light energy for photosyntheis
Function of membranes Provide a semi-permeable barrier & control the movement of substances
Function of endodermis Ring of cells surrounds vascular cylinder
Cell walls are waterproof
Water can only enter vascular cylinder by moving through endodermal cells
Allows plant to control inward flow
Function of epidermis Outermost layer of cells covering all parts of the primary plant body above and
below ground
Function of cuticle prevents water loss
Function of apical meristem Meristem at the tip of the root or shoot in a vascular plant, capable of cell division
and plant growth
Function of root hairs these structures increase the surface area of the roots so that they can absorb
water efficiently
Function of root tip (meristem) Point of active cell division within roots
Function of stomata controls the entering and exiting of gases
Describe the conditions necessary for weed seeds to Adequate water, light, temperature
germinate
Compare how differing weed germination requirements Seedlings are most vulnerable, so different germination requirements will
affect management decisions. influence the management decision as to which method of germination will be
used pre- or post-plant
Define seed dormancy State in which viable seeds do not germinate. Seeds have to break dormancy
before germination.
Describe some factors that regulate or break seed Scarification/penetration of hard seed coat, chemical inhibition, temperature
dormancy
Describe the effect of seed size on dormancy and the Larger seed can germinate from deeper depths. Smaller seed can germinate
depth from which a weed seed can successfully from shallow depths.
germinate.
Smaller seed is more persistent than larger seed and can remain dormant for
longer periods of time.
Annual Weed Weed plant that completes its life cycle in 1 year
