NURS 106 UNIT 1 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

NURS 106 UNIT 1 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 anatomy - Answers study of internal and external structures within the body Physiology - Answers study of how living organisms perform their vital functions Gross Anatomy (macroscopic) - Answers study of large body structures visible to the naked eye eg. surface anatomy, regional anatomy, sectional anatomy, ect Microscopic anatomy - Answers deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye eg. cytology, histology Signs vs. Symptoms - Answers *Signs = Objective information*; can be seen, measured, heard, or felt - Color, pulse, edema *Symptoms = Subjective information* - Dyspnea, pain, nausea levels of structural organization (simple - complex) - Answers 1. Chemical 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ system 6. Organisms chemical level - Answers atoms combine to form molecules Cellular Level - Answers cells (smallest unit of life) are made up of molecules Tissue level - Answers groups of similar cells that have a common function Organ Level - Answers Organs are made up of different types of tissues organ system level - Answers Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Organism Level - Answers individual life form Histology - Answers the study of the microscopic structure of tissues integumentary system - Answers organs: skin, hair, sweat glands, nails functions: provides sensory info, protects against environmental hazards, regulate body temp skeletal system - Answers organs: bones, cartilages, ligaments, bone marrow function: support & protection for tissue, stores calcium, forms blood cells muscular system - Answers organs: skeletal muscles & tendons Functions: movement, protection for tissue, body temp nervous system - Answers organs: brain, spinal chord, nerves functions: response to stimuli, moderates activites of other organ systems, interprets sensory info endocrine system - Answers organs: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads functions: long term change, metabolic activity, strcutural / function change over development lymphatic system - Answers organs: spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils functions: defend infections / disease respiratory system - Answers organs: nasal cavities, sinuses, larync, trachea, bronchi , alveoli, lungs functions: O2 /CO2 exchange in bloodstream, sound for communication digestive system - Answers organs: teeth, tounge, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas functions: digestion, water absorbtion, energy storage urinary system - Answers organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra functions: waste management, water balance, blood ion concentrations & pH terminologia anatomica - Answers international standard on human anatomic terminology anatomical position - Answers - stand with feet flat & together -arms by side, palms facing forward - standing upright, facing observer anteriror - Answers towards the front Posterior - Answers toward the back supine - Answers lying face up prone - Answers lying face down abdominoplevic quadrants - Answers RUG, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ abdominoplevic regions - Answers right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal anatomical relationships - Answers The relationship between the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions and the locations of the internal organs. proximal - Answers toward the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk Distal - Answers farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk cranial/cephalic - Answers toward the head dorsal - Answers toward the back ventral - Answers belly side caudal - Answers toward the tail Lateral - Answers away from the midline sectional anatomy - Answers Internal structure and relationships of the body through the use of sections frontal / coronal plane - Answers vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions sagittal plane - Answers divides body into left and right if lies in middle: midsagittal plane if offset from middle: parasagittal plane transverse plane - Answers divides the body into superior and inferior parts body trunk regions - Answers thoracic, abdominal, pelvic Body Cavities - Answers closed, fluid filled, lined by thin tissue (serous membrane/serosa) that protect internal organs & allow organs to change without disrupting other surrounding organs thoracic cavity - Answers -contains heart and lungs (plueral / pericardial cavities) -associated organs of respiratory, cardiovascular, and lymphatic systems abdominopelvic cavity - Answers -extends from diaphragm to pelvis abdominal: extends from inferior surface of diaphragm to superior margins of pelvis (liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, most of the large intestine) pelvic: inferior to abdominal cavity (urinary bladder, distal portion of large intestine, reproductive organs) Homeostasis - Answers continuous physiological processes that establish a relatively stable internal environment homeostatic regulation - Answers the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis general mechanisims: 1. Autoregulation 2. Extrinsic regulation Autoregulation - Answers occurs when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts in response to environmental change extrinsic regulation - Answers process that results from the activites of the nervous/endocrine system. homeostatic regulatory mechanism parts - Answers receptor, control center, effector negative feedback - Answers corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes a variation from normal limits positive feedback - Answers amplification or enhancement of the original change in conditions, rather than opposing it. Tends to produce extreme responses. -found in body when a potentially dangerous/stressful process must be completed quickly to restore homeostasis (eg. blood clotting) body temp regulation - Answers integumentary : heat loss muscular : heat production Cardviovascular : heat distribution Nervous system: coordination of systems dynamic equilibrium - Answers a state of balance between continuing processes Cytology - Answers study of cells Ion - Answers atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge ionic bond - Answers chemical bond crated by electrical attraction between anions and cations to form a MOLECULE OR COMPOUND formation of ionic bond - Answers 1. electron donor loses one or more elections and becomes a cation. The electron acceptor gains those elections and becomes an anion. 2. Attraction between opposite charges draws ions together forming an ionic compound atomic number - Answers the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom ionic compound - Answers A compound that consists of positive and negative ions. Often dissolve when placed in water Molecule - Answers two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds covalent bond - Answers A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms to form a MOLECULE OR COMPOUND free radical - Answers an atom or a group of atoms that has one unpaired electron, highly reactive covalent bonding of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon - Answers HONC 1234 non polar covalent bonds - Answers equal sharing of electrons occuring between 2 atoms of the same type polar covalent bonds - Answers unequal sharing of electrons involving different types of atoms because elemts differ in how strongly they attract electrons Hydrogen Bonds - Answers weak attraction between a slight + on the hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond, and a slight - on an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom of another polar covalent bond TOO WEAK TO CREATE MOLECULES, change shapes of them or pull them closer together. OCCURS BETWEEN MOLECULES & ATOMS OF THE SAME MOLECULE surface tension - Answers due to hydrogen bonds, a barrier that keeps lightweight objects that cannot break through the top layer of water from entering the water solid - Answers constant volume and shape gas - Answers no constant volume or shape liqud - Answers constant volume, no fixed shape chemical reaction - Answers chemical bonds form between atoms / existing bonds are broken decomposition reaction - Answers a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances AB--- A + B hydrolysis reaction - Answers A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water AB + H2O -- AH + BOH synthesis reaction - Answers a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound A + B -- AB dehydration synthesis - Answers A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. AH + BOH -- AB + H2O Anabolism - Answers Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy. Creating chemical bonds catabolism - Answers Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy. Breaking chemical bonds exchange reactions - Answers bonds are both made and broken AB + CD -- AD + CB Reversible Reactions - Answers can go in either direction under different circumstances frontal - Answers forehead nasal - Answers nose ocular - Answers eye otic - Answers ear cervical - Answers neck buccal - Answers cheek thoracic - Answers chest, thorax mammary - Answers breast abdominal - Answers abdomen unbilical - Answers navel pelvic - Answers pelvis trunk - Answers torso manual - Answers hand inguinal - Answers groin pubic - Answers pubis femoral - Answers thigh pedal - Answers foot digits - Answers fingers / toes hallux - Answers great toe torsal - Answers ankle crural - Answers leg patellar - Answers kneecap pollex - Answers thumb palmar - Answers palm carpal - Answers wrist antebrachial - Answers forearm antecubital - Answers front of elbow brachial - Answers arm axillary - Answers armpit mental - Answers chin oral - Answers mouth cephalic - Answers head cranial - Answers skull upper limb - Answers arm (posterior) lower limb - Answers leg (posterior) plantar - Answers sole of foot calcaneal - Answers heel of foot sural - Answers calf popliteal - Answers back of knee gluteal - Answers buttock lumbar - Answers loin olecranal - Answers back of elbow acromial - Answers shoulder biochemical reactions - Answers Chemical processes occurring within living organisms, not spontaneous activation energy - Answers Energy needed to get a reaction started enzyme - Answers protein that acts as a biological catalyst (lowers activation energy) catalyst - Answers substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without themselves being permanently changed or consumed metabolic pathway - Answers A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds. exergonic reaction - Answers A chemical reaction that releases energy endergonic reaction - Answers reaction absorbs energy (more E is required to begin the reaction than is released as it proceeds) nutrients - Answers substances from food that are necessary for normal physiological functions (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water) Metabolites - Answers substances that are involved in, or are a biproduct of metabolism inorganic compounds - Answers Compounds that do not contain carbon and hydrogen as their primary structural components