NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM CORE DISEASE MECHANISMS AND
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS REVIEW 2026
◉ Perfusion.
Answer: The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the
cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through
the capillaries.
◉ results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion.
Answer: cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
◉ Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis.
Answer: there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas
exchange
◉ Right to left shunting.
Answer: when blood passes from the right ventricle through the
lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
,◉ Causes of bronchitis.
Answer: -long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm
birth)
◉ Pathogenesis of bronchitis.
Answer: -Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus
secretion
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells
located in the lamina propria
◉ most common irritant with bronchitis is?.
Answer: tobacco product smoke
◉ what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis?
(5).
Answer: - smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
, ◉ What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs?.
Answer: causes increased bronchoconstriction
◉ Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the
bronchials.
Answer: promotes hypersecretion of mucus
◉ What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia?.
Answer: squamous cells become nonciliated and are less protective;
allow passage of toxins and WBCs
◉ What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do?.
Answer: increases inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the
bronchial wall
◉ How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement
membranes effect the lungs?.
Answer: leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways
◉ What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis?.
Answer: respiratory acidosis
MIDTERM CORE DISEASE MECHANISMS AND
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS REVIEW 2026
◉ Perfusion.
Answer: The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the
cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through
the capillaries.
◉ results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion.
Answer: cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
◉ Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis.
Answer: there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas
exchange
◉ Right to left shunting.
Answer: when blood passes from the right ventricle through the
lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
,◉ Causes of bronchitis.
Answer: -long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm
birth)
◉ Pathogenesis of bronchitis.
Answer: -Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus
secretion
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells
located in the lamina propria
◉ most common irritant with bronchitis is?.
Answer: tobacco product smoke
◉ what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis?
(5).
Answer: - smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
, ◉ What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs?.
Answer: causes increased bronchoconstriction
◉ Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the
bronchials.
Answer: promotes hypersecretion of mucus
◉ What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia?.
Answer: squamous cells become nonciliated and are less protective;
allow passage of toxins and WBCs
◉ What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do?.
Answer: increases inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the
bronchial wall
◉ How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement
membranes effect the lungs?.
Answer: leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways
◉ What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis?.
Answer: respiratory acidosis
