NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
EXPLANATIONS 2026
◉ Acute Pyelonephritis.
Answer: Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can
be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always
be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary
tract imaging
◉ Renal Calculi (Renal Stones).
Answer: Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
,◉ Chronic Renal Failure.
Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension,
diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
◉ Who is a candidate for dialysis?.
Answer: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD
with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with
hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on
dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR
rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are
present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes
(peaked T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by
itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an
indication for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol,
Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
, --Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
◉ Stage I CKD.
Answer: There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
◉ Stage II CKD.
Answer: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
◉ Stage III CKD.
Answer: There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
◉ Stage IV CKD.
Answer: There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
◉ Stage V CKD.
Answer: Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
EXPLANATIONS 2026
◉ Acute Pyelonephritis.
Answer: Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can
be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always
be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary
tract imaging
◉ Renal Calculi (Renal Stones).
Answer: Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
,◉ Chronic Renal Failure.
Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension,
diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
◉ Who is a candidate for dialysis?.
Answer: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD
with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with
hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on
dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR
rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are
present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes
(peaked T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by
itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an
indication for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol,
Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
, --Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
◉ Stage I CKD.
Answer: There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
◉ Stage II CKD.
Answer: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
◉ Stage III CKD.
Answer: There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
◉ Stage IV CKD.
Answer: There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
◉ Stage V CKD.
Answer: Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
