NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
MOCK TEST WITH ANSWER RATIONALES 2026
◉ Water Soluble Hormones.
Answer: Need 2nd Messenger to transport across phospholipid
membranes
◉ Pituitary Hormones.
Answer: TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte
Stimulating Hormone
◉ Anterior Pituitary.
Answer: Acct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland. Three
regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars intermedia. Pars
distalis is major component of Anterior Pituitary and source of
Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
◉ Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis).
Answer: Arises from 3rd ventricle of brain, consists of three parts,
median eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars
nervosa or neural tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of
nerve endings of axons that arise primarily from ventral
hypothalamus.
,◉ Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median
eminence..
Answer: Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing hormones and
neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin,
acetylcholine, and histamine.
◉ Pituitary stalk.
Answer: contains axons of neurons that originate in the supraoptic
and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
◉ Hormones of posterior pituitary.
Answer: ADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
◉ ADH (antidiuretic Hormone).
Answer: Major homeostatic function of posterior pituitary is control
of plasma osmolality, as regulated by ADH
◉ Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic
hormones).
Answer: HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH),
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Somatostatin, Growth
hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin-releasing
hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
,TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
◉ Somatostatin.
Answer: Inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
◉ Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone.
Answer: Stimulates release of FSH and LH
◉ Dopamine.
Answer: Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
◉ Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF).
Answer: Stimulate secretion of prolactin
◉ Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function.
Answer: ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH,
Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH, glycoprotein
hormones
◉ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Answer: SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
, FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic
hormones
◉ Prolactin,.
Answer: Milk production
◉ TSH.
Answer: Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
◉ Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
Answer: Ovulation, progesterone production (in glanulosa cells)
◉ Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
Answer: Follicle maturation, estrogen production (In Women:
Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
◉ B-Lipotropin.
Answer: Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic,
from Adipose Cells)
◉ B-Endorphins.
Answer: Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake
(Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid receptors)
MOCK TEST WITH ANSWER RATIONALES 2026
◉ Water Soluble Hormones.
Answer: Need 2nd Messenger to transport across phospholipid
membranes
◉ Pituitary Hormones.
Answer: TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte
Stimulating Hormone
◉ Anterior Pituitary.
Answer: Acct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland. Three
regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars intermedia. Pars
distalis is major component of Anterior Pituitary and source of
Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
◉ Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis).
Answer: Arises from 3rd ventricle of brain, consists of three parts,
median eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars
nervosa or neural tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of
nerve endings of axons that arise primarily from ventral
hypothalamus.
,◉ Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median
eminence..
Answer: Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing hormones and
neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin,
acetylcholine, and histamine.
◉ Pituitary stalk.
Answer: contains axons of neurons that originate in the supraoptic
and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
◉ Hormones of posterior pituitary.
Answer: ADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
◉ ADH (antidiuretic Hormone).
Answer: Major homeostatic function of posterior pituitary is control
of plasma osmolality, as regulated by ADH
◉ Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic
hormones).
Answer: HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH),
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Somatostatin, Growth
hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin-releasing
hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
,TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
◉ Somatostatin.
Answer: Inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
◉ Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone.
Answer: Stimulates release of FSH and LH
◉ Dopamine.
Answer: Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
◉ Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF).
Answer: Stimulate secretion of prolactin
◉ Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function.
Answer: ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH,
Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH, glycoprotein
hormones
◉ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Answer: SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
, FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic
hormones
◉ Prolactin,.
Answer: Milk production
◉ TSH.
Answer: Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
◉ Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
Answer: Ovulation, progesterone production (in glanulosa cells)
◉ Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
Answer: Follicle maturation, estrogen production (In Women:
Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
◉ B-Lipotropin.
Answer: Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic,
from Adipose Cells)
◉ B-Endorphins.
Answer: Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake
(Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid receptors)
