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, Main group 1A- 7A (s²p⁶)
transition metals 1B-8B (d¹⁰)
newlands octaves Mendeleev (1860s)
Moseley atomic number p, e⁻ (1913)
effective nuclear charge (Zeff) each electron is simultaneously attracted/ repelled, outer shell electrons
are screened from the nucleus by inner shell electrons
equation for effective nuclear charge Zeff= Z-S
trend of effective nuclear charge - increases from left to right
- increases from bottom to top
trend of radius - increases from top to bottom
-increases from right to left
is radius defined? yes
why does size increase down a group? same outer shell electron configuration and increase of "n" (orbital "size")
why does size decrease across a period from left to - Zeff increases
right? - inner e⁻ screen/shield outer e⁻ from full positive charge of the nucleus
ion size - cations= smaller
-anions= larger
isoelectronic ions O²⁻
F⁻
Ne
Na⁺
Mg²⁺
Al³⁺