NR 325 EXAM 1 UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
●● Insulin
Answer: Regulator of metabolism and storage of ingested carbohydrates,
fats, and proteins (anabolic or storage hormone).
Facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes
●● Counterregulatory Hormones
Answer: Oppose the effects of insulin, and increase blood glucose
levels. They provide a regulated release of glucose for energy, and help
maintain normal blood glucose levels.
Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
●● Glucagon
Answer: Normally produced by pancreatic alpha cells when blood sugar
is low to raise blood glucose levels. In diabetes II, glucagon is still
produced, but because there is so much insulin, our pancreas doesn't
respond normally.
●● Diabetes Mellitus
Answer: A chronic, multi-system disease related to abnormal insulin
production, impaired insulin utilization, or both. There is no cure, but
diabetic complications can be delayed or prevented with good
,management. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and
Native Americans have a higher incidence of diabetes.
●● Diabetes Complications
Answer: Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, end-stage renal
failure, and non-traumatic lower limb amputations. It is also a major
contributing factor to heart disease and stroke.
●● Gerontologic Considerations with Diabetes
Answer: Diabetes prevalence increases with age related to reduced B-
cell function, decreased insulin sensitivity (!!), and altered carb
metabolism. Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes is more common in
older adults, partly due to the normal physiologic changes of aging
resembling that of DM.
Diabetes is present in at least 25% of people over age 65.
●● Diabetes Type I Epidemiology
Answer: Formerly known as "juvenile onset" or "insulin dependent"
diabetes.
Most often occurs in people under 40 years old, and accounts for 5-10%
of all people with diabetes.
Has a sudden onset.
It is an autoimmune disease, in which B-cells responsible for insulin
production are destroyed. A genetic predisposition and exposure to a
virus are factors that may contribute to the development of DM I.
,Autoantibody are produced and destroy B-cells. Manifestations occur
after the pancreas is unable to produced insulin, and symptoms are rapid.
Usually patients present to ER with DKA.
●● Diabetes Type I Classic Symptoms
Answer: Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
●● Prediabetes
Answer: Known as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting
glucose (IFG).
●● Prediabetes Labs
Answer: IFG: fasting glucose levels 100-126 mg/dl
IGT: 2 hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dl
A1C: in the range of 5.7-6.4%
●● A1C Lab
Answer: It is a test that determines how well your glucose was stabilized
within the last three months.
, If you have a high A1C, that means you have had high glucose levels in
the last 3 months
●● Diabetes Type II Etiology
Answer: Probably has a genetic basis.
A genetic mutation leading to insulin resistance, and as the disease
progresses, less insulin production. There is also an increased risk for
obesity.
Obesity is the most powerful risk factor, especially obesity with an
increased waist circumference.
Type II DM is now being seen in children due to epidemic of childhood
obesity.
Type II accounts for 90% of diabetics.
Pancreas continues to produce insulin, but the body can't use the insulin.
●● Diabetes Type II Risk Factors
Answer: Obesity
Aging
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history of Type II DM
Urbanization
Certain ethnicities (AA, NA, Latino)
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
●● Insulin
Answer: Regulator of metabolism and storage of ingested carbohydrates,
fats, and proteins (anabolic or storage hormone).
Facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes
●● Counterregulatory Hormones
Answer: Oppose the effects of insulin, and increase blood glucose
levels. They provide a regulated release of glucose for energy, and help
maintain normal blood glucose levels.
Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
●● Glucagon
Answer: Normally produced by pancreatic alpha cells when blood sugar
is low to raise blood glucose levels. In diabetes II, glucagon is still
produced, but because there is so much insulin, our pancreas doesn't
respond normally.
●● Diabetes Mellitus
Answer: A chronic, multi-system disease related to abnormal insulin
production, impaired insulin utilization, or both. There is no cure, but
diabetic complications can be delayed or prevented with good
,management. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and
Native Americans have a higher incidence of diabetes.
●● Diabetes Complications
Answer: Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, end-stage renal
failure, and non-traumatic lower limb amputations. It is also a major
contributing factor to heart disease and stroke.
●● Gerontologic Considerations with Diabetes
Answer: Diabetes prevalence increases with age related to reduced B-
cell function, decreased insulin sensitivity (!!), and altered carb
metabolism. Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes is more common in
older adults, partly due to the normal physiologic changes of aging
resembling that of DM.
Diabetes is present in at least 25% of people over age 65.
●● Diabetes Type I Epidemiology
Answer: Formerly known as "juvenile onset" or "insulin dependent"
diabetes.
Most often occurs in people under 40 years old, and accounts for 5-10%
of all people with diabetes.
Has a sudden onset.
It is an autoimmune disease, in which B-cells responsible for insulin
production are destroyed. A genetic predisposition and exposure to a
virus are factors that may contribute to the development of DM I.
,Autoantibody are produced and destroy B-cells. Manifestations occur
after the pancreas is unable to produced insulin, and symptoms are rapid.
Usually patients present to ER with DKA.
●● Diabetes Type I Classic Symptoms
Answer: Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
●● Prediabetes
Answer: Known as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting
glucose (IFG).
●● Prediabetes Labs
Answer: IFG: fasting glucose levels 100-126 mg/dl
IGT: 2 hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dl
A1C: in the range of 5.7-6.4%
●● A1C Lab
Answer: It is a test that determines how well your glucose was stabilized
within the last three months.
, If you have a high A1C, that means you have had high glucose levels in
the last 3 months
●● Diabetes Type II Etiology
Answer: Probably has a genetic basis.
A genetic mutation leading to insulin resistance, and as the disease
progresses, less insulin production. There is also an increased risk for
obesity.
Obesity is the most powerful risk factor, especially obesity with an
increased waist circumference.
Type II DM is now being seen in children due to epidemic of childhood
obesity.
Type II accounts for 90% of diabetics.
Pancreas continues to produce insulin, but the body can't use the insulin.
●● Diabetes Type II Risk Factors
Answer: Obesity
Aging
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history of Type II DM
Urbanization
Certain ethnicities (AA, NA, Latino)
