PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2 COMPREHENSIVE
STUDY GUIDE 2026 DISEASE MECHANISMS
AND ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PRINCIPLES
◉ The 6 essentials of nursing
Answer: 1 provision of caring
2 attention to detail
3 integration of knowledge gained
4 application of scientific method using evidence based practice
5 advancement of scholarly inquiry
6 promoting social justice
◉ Define person centered care
Answer: Patient must feel respected and valued, must show them
compassion in the caring role; care for the whole person
◉ What are the 5 caring processes in the nursing theory of caring
and healing?
Answer: Knowing (striving to understand the patient)
,Being with (emotionally present)
Doing for (treating with respect to others)
Enabling (facilitating solutions)
Maintaining belief (believe in the ability to reach goals, instill hope)
◉ What does patient centered care rely on?
Answer: The relationship with the nurse, goals and empowerment,
open communication, trust, collaboration, response, and advocacy
◉ What does the Caring Assessment Tool help with and how can the
nurse use it?
Answer: It helps with better outcomes when taking care of the
patient.
- mutual problem solving
- attentive reassurance
- human respect
- encouraging manner
- appreciation of unique meanings
- healing environment
- affiliation needs
- basic human needs
,◉ Define ethics of care
Answer: Concerned with relations and attitudes, gives priority to
each patient being unique
◉ What are some challenges to caring?
Answer: - technology
- time constraints
- standardizing care
- task orientated care
- compassion fatigue
◉ What are some barriers to caring?
Answer: - assumptions
- stereotyping
- lack of self awareness
- being judgemental
◉ What are some characteristics of a profession?
Answer: - specialized formal education
- systemic body of knowledge
- code of ethics
- service commitment altruism
, - professional organizations
- autonomy, responsibility, accountability
◉ Define altruism
Answer: Patients needs are above the nurse's, care for the welfare of
others
◉ Define autonomy
Answer: Apply professional knowledge to care and decision making
◉ Define professional identity
Answer: Set of beliefs, attitudes, understanding of the role, gain
identity through contact with others, formal operations, unofficial
expectations, develop personal recognition of social expectations
◉ Attributes to a nurse
Answer: - technical competencies
- interpersonal skills
- work ethic
- moral standards
- concerns for others
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2 COMPREHENSIVE
STUDY GUIDE 2026 DISEASE MECHANISMS
AND ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PRINCIPLES
◉ The 6 essentials of nursing
Answer: 1 provision of caring
2 attention to detail
3 integration of knowledge gained
4 application of scientific method using evidence based practice
5 advancement of scholarly inquiry
6 promoting social justice
◉ Define person centered care
Answer: Patient must feel respected and valued, must show them
compassion in the caring role; care for the whole person
◉ What are the 5 caring processes in the nursing theory of caring
and healing?
Answer: Knowing (striving to understand the patient)
,Being with (emotionally present)
Doing for (treating with respect to others)
Enabling (facilitating solutions)
Maintaining belief (believe in the ability to reach goals, instill hope)
◉ What does patient centered care rely on?
Answer: The relationship with the nurse, goals and empowerment,
open communication, trust, collaboration, response, and advocacy
◉ What does the Caring Assessment Tool help with and how can the
nurse use it?
Answer: It helps with better outcomes when taking care of the
patient.
- mutual problem solving
- attentive reassurance
- human respect
- encouraging manner
- appreciation of unique meanings
- healing environment
- affiliation needs
- basic human needs
,◉ Define ethics of care
Answer: Concerned with relations and attitudes, gives priority to
each patient being unique
◉ What are some challenges to caring?
Answer: - technology
- time constraints
- standardizing care
- task orientated care
- compassion fatigue
◉ What are some barriers to caring?
Answer: - assumptions
- stereotyping
- lack of self awareness
- being judgemental
◉ What are some characteristics of a profession?
Answer: - specialized formal education
- systemic body of knowledge
- code of ethics
- service commitment altruism
, - professional organizations
- autonomy, responsibility, accountability
◉ Define altruism
Answer: Patients needs are above the nurse's, care for the welfare of
others
◉ Define autonomy
Answer: Apply professional knowledge to care and decision making
◉ Define professional identity
Answer: Set of beliefs, attitudes, understanding of the role, gain
identity through contact with others, formal operations, unofficial
expectations, develop personal recognition of social expectations
◉ Attributes to a nurse
Answer: - technical competencies
- interpersonal skills
- work ethic
- moral standards
- concerns for others
