PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2 EXAM PREPARATION
PACK 2026 KEY CONCEPTS AND REVISION
NOTES
◉ What is congruent/non-congruent communication?
Answer: Seeing if their words match with their body expression
◉ Causes for communication breakdown
Answer: - failing to appreciate uniqueness
- conflicting messages
- value statements/cliches
- false reassurance
- failing to clarify
- sensory deficits
- environment issues
- timing
- language barriers
◉ Define ISBAR-R
,Answer: Introduction Situation Background Assessment
Recommendation Readback
◉ Who do nurses educate?
Answer: Patients, family, groups, communities, coworkers
◉ How does a nurse determine a patient's educational needs?
Answer: Determined by health literacy
◉ When is it the best time for nurses educate their patients?
Answer: When the patient is receptive, motivated, and open to
learning
◉ What is the purpose of educating?
Answer: - part of the patient centered care
- patient is care partner
- information to achieve optimal health
- promotion of health/prevention of disease/further decline
- restoring highest level of health
- coping with impaired function
- providing resources
,◉ How to educate
Answer: - assess cultural implications, learning needs, learning style,
etc
- consider developmental stage
- consider any learning defects/limitations
- assess needs in 3 domains (cognitive, affective, psychomotor)
- educate model
◉ Define the Cognitive domain
Answer: The development of our mental skills, how we acquire,
process, and use knowledge; the 'thinking' domain
◉ Define the Affective domain
Answer: Where we deal with emotions, values, appreciation,
enthusiasms, motivations, attitudes; where we are able to work
independently or with a group
◉ Define the Psychomotor domain
Answer: The physical movement, coordination, and skills used for
speed, precision, distance, procedures, or techniques
◉ Teaching methods
Answer: - discussion
, - lecture
- question and answer
- demonstration/simulation
- independent learning
◉ Evaluation methods
Answer: - surveys
- return demonstration
- creating a plan independently
- question and answer
- teach back
◉ Pros of teaching one on one
Answer: - only have to focus on one person
- a lot quicker
- can tailor the education to them
- good questions and answers
◉ Cons of teaching one on one
Answer: - they feel on the spot
- not as effective time wise
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2 EXAM PREPARATION
PACK 2026 KEY CONCEPTS AND REVISION
NOTES
◉ What is congruent/non-congruent communication?
Answer: Seeing if their words match with their body expression
◉ Causes for communication breakdown
Answer: - failing to appreciate uniqueness
- conflicting messages
- value statements/cliches
- false reassurance
- failing to clarify
- sensory deficits
- environment issues
- timing
- language barriers
◉ Define ISBAR-R
,Answer: Introduction Situation Background Assessment
Recommendation Readback
◉ Who do nurses educate?
Answer: Patients, family, groups, communities, coworkers
◉ How does a nurse determine a patient's educational needs?
Answer: Determined by health literacy
◉ When is it the best time for nurses educate their patients?
Answer: When the patient is receptive, motivated, and open to
learning
◉ What is the purpose of educating?
Answer: - part of the patient centered care
- patient is care partner
- information to achieve optimal health
- promotion of health/prevention of disease/further decline
- restoring highest level of health
- coping with impaired function
- providing resources
,◉ How to educate
Answer: - assess cultural implications, learning needs, learning style,
etc
- consider developmental stage
- consider any learning defects/limitations
- assess needs in 3 domains (cognitive, affective, psychomotor)
- educate model
◉ Define the Cognitive domain
Answer: The development of our mental skills, how we acquire,
process, and use knowledge; the 'thinking' domain
◉ Define the Affective domain
Answer: Where we deal with emotions, values, appreciation,
enthusiasms, motivations, attitudes; where we are able to work
independently or with a group
◉ Define the Psychomotor domain
Answer: The physical movement, coordination, and skills used for
speed, precision, distance, procedures, or techniques
◉ Teaching methods
Answer: - discussion
, - lecture
- question and answer
- demonstration/simulation
- independent learning
◉ Evaluation methods
Answer: - surveys
- return demonstration
- creating a plan independently
- question and answer
- teach back
◉ Pros of teaching one on one
Answer: - only have to focus on one person
- a lot quicker
- can tailor the education to them
- good questions and answers
◉ Cons of teaching one on one
Answer: - they feel on the spot
- not as effective time wise
