PORTFOLIO OF EVIDENCE RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY HMEMS80 ACTUAL
EXAM PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Critical Evaluation.
Answer: Systematic appraisal of research validity and relevance.
◍ What is a histogram?.
Answer: A graph used to represent the frequency distribution of data points.
◍ PICO Method.
Answer: Framework for formulating focused research questions.
◍ Internal Validity.
Answer: Degree to which study results are trustworthy.
◍ Generalizability.
Answer: Extent findings apply to broader populations.
◍ What is the interquartile range?.
Answer: The difference between the 2nd and 3rd quartiles, representing the
middle 50% of data.
◍ How do you calculate the mean?.
Answer: Add all numbers and divide by the total count.
◍ How do you calculate the median?.
Answer: Order numbers from least to greatest and find the middle value.
◍ How do you calculate the mode?.
Answer: The number that appears most frequently.
,◍ What is an outlier?.
Answer: A data point that differs significantly from other observations.
◍ What does standard deviation measure?.
Answer: It measures the dispersion of a data set relative to its mean.
◍ Reputable Source.
Answer: Source with established credibility and reliability.
◍ What is the sum of squares?.
Answer: A statistical measure of variation calculated by summing the
squared differences between data points and the mean.
◍ Peer-Reviewed.
Answer: Research evaluated by experts before publication.
◍ Outcome Assessment Tools.
Answer: Instruments measuring effectiveness of interventions.
◍ How do you calculate the interquartile range?.
Answer: Order data, find the median to split into halves, then calculate Q1
and Q3; IQR = Q3 - Q1.
◍ How does the calculation of standard deviation differ for population vs.
sample?.
Answer: Population uses N, while sample uses N-1.
◍ How does variance differ between between-subjects and within-subjects
comparisons?.
Answer: Within-subjects design has less variance than between-subjects
design.
◍ What is a risk matrix?.
Answer: A tool to evaluate risk based on likelihood of occurrence and
severity of outcome.
◍ Bias.
Answer: Deviation from truth in research data.
, ◍ What are the characteristics of an ecological study?.
Answer: Data represents groups, explores associations, uses secondary data,
and is efficient.
◍ Intentional Bias.
Answer: Deliberate distortion of research findings.
◍ Unintentional Bias.
Answer: Accidental errors affecting research conclusions.
◍ What is an outbreak in epidemiological terms?.
Answer: A situation where incidence exceeds the base rate.
◍ What are the steps of an outbreak investigation?.
Answer: Confirm outbreak, compare incidence, rule out possibilities,
describe outbreak, determine cause, control outbreak.
◍ What is a point source outbreak?.
Answer: A sudden brief increase in cases from a single source.
◍ PICO Elements.
Answer: Components: Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes.
◍ Temporal Considerations.
Answer: Time-related factors influencing research outcomes.
◍ What is a propagated outbreak?.
Answer: A gradual increase in cases usually from person-to-person
transmission.
◍ Contextual Factors.
Answer: Environmental aspects affecting research applicability.
◍ Statistical Significance.
Answer: Likelihood results are not due to chance.
◍ What is a continuous source outbreak?.
Answer: A prolonged increase in cases due to ongoing exposure to a source.
◍ What are the general shapes of outbreak curves?.
METHODOLOGY HMEMS80 ACTUAL
EXAM PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Critical Evaluation.
Answer: Systematic appraisal of research validity and relevance.
◍ What is a histogram?.
Answer: A graph used to represent the frequency distribution of data points.
◍ PICO Method.
Answer: Framework for formulating focused research questions.
◍ Internal Validity.
Answer: Degree to which study results are trustworthy.
◍ Generalizability.
Answer: Extent findings apply to broader populations.
◍ What is the interquartile range?.
Answer: The difference between the 2nd and 3rd quartiles, representing the
middle 50% of data.
◍ How do you calculate the mean?.
Answer: Add all numbers and divide by the total count.
◍ How do you calculate the median?.
Answer: Order numbers from least to greatest and find the middle value.
◍ How do you calculate the mode?.
Answer: The number that appears most frequently.
,◍ What is an outlier?.
Answer: A data point that differs significantly from other observations.
◍ What does standard deviation measure?.
Answer: It measures the dispersion of a data set relative to its mean.
◍ Reputable Source.
Answer: Source with established credibility and reliability.
◍ What is the sum of squares?.
Answer: A statistical measure of variation calculated by summing the
squared differences between data points and the mean.
◍ Peer-Reviewed.
Answer: Research evaluated by experts before publication.
◍ Outcome Assessment Tools.
Answer: Instruments measuring effectiveness of interventions.
◍ How do you calculate the interquartile range?.
Answer: Order data, find the median to split into halves, then calculate Q1
and Q3; IQR = Q3 - Q1.
◍ How does the calculation of standard deviation differ for population vs.
sample?.
Answer: Population uses N, while sample uses N-1.
◍ How does variance differ between between-subjects and within-subjects
comparisons?.
Answer: Within-subjects design has less variance than between-subjects
design.
◍ What is a risk matrix?.
Answer: A tool to evaluate risk based on likelihood of occurrence and
severity of outcome.
◍ Bias.
Answer: Deviation from truth in research data.
, ◍ What are the characteristics of an ecological study?.
Answer: Data represents groups, explores associations, uses secondary data,
and is efficient.
◍ Intentional Bias.
Answer: Deliberate distortion of research findings.
◍ Unintentional Bias.
Answer: Accidental errors affecting research conclusions.
◍ What is an outbreak in epidemiological terms?.
Answer: A situation where incidence exceeds the base rate.
◍ What are the steps of an outbreak investigation?.
Answer: Confirm outbreak, compare incidence, rule out possibilities,
describe outbreak, determine cause, control outbreak.
◍ What is a point source outbreak?.
Answer: A sudden brief increase in cases from a single source.
◍ PICO Elements.
Answer: Components: Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes.
◍ Temporal Considerations.
Answer: Time-related factors influencing research outcomes.
◍ What is a propagated outbreak?.
Answer: A gradual increase in cases usually from person-to-person
transmission.
◍ Contextual Factors.
Answer: Environmental aspects affecting research applicability.
◍ Statistical Significance.
Answer: Likelihood results are not due to chance.
◍ What is a continuous source outbreak?.
Answer: A prolonged increase in cases due to ongoing exposure to a source.
◍ What are the general shapes of outbreak curves?.
