Page 1 of 61
NRSG 2350 FINAL EXAM – COMPREHENSIVE 2026/2027
COMPLETE (150) CURRENT TESTING QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES.
NRSG
Prepare effectively for the NRSG 2350 Final Exam with this focused study resource. It
supports review of essential nursing concepts, patient assessment, clinical judgment,
nursing interventions, pharmacology, safety, and evidence-based practice relevant to
the course. Use the material to reinforce your knowledge, review high-yield topics, and
identify areas that may require additional study. This resource is suited for nursing
students, NRSG 2350 learners, and candidates preparing for the final examination.
MULTIPLE CHOICE.
SECTION 1: CELLULAR ADAPTATION, INJURY & INFLAMMATION (Questions
1–20)
Question 1:
A patient with long-standing hypertension develops an enlarged left ventricle.
This is an example of which type of cellular adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size leading to organ
enlargement. The left ventricle enlarges in response to increased workload
(hypertension) because cardiac muscle cells cannot divide (hyperplasia).
Metaplasia is the replacement of one cell type with another, and atrophy is a
decrease in cell size.
, Page 2 of 61
Question 2:
A patient who smokes has a change in the bronchial epithelium from ciliated
columnar to stratified squamous. This is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell
type with another. In smokers, chronic irritation causes the bronchial
epithelium to transform from ciliated columnar to stratified squamous
epithelium as a protective adaptation.
Question 3:
Which type of necrosis is typically seen in tuberculosis?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Caseous necrosis
C) Liquefactive necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Caseous necrosis ("cheese-like") is characteristic of
granulomatous infections like tuberculosis. It combines features of
coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, forming soft, friable, white debris within
granulomas. Coagulative necrosis is seen in ischemic injury (e.g., myocardial
infarction), and liquefactive necrosis is seen in brain infarcts.
Question 4:
What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
A) Physical trauma
B) Hypoxia
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C) Chemical exposure
D) Genetic mutations
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia, or oxygen deprivation, is the most common cause of
cellular injury. It can result from ischemia, anemia, or respiratory failure,
leading to ATP depletion and cellular dysfunction.
Question 5:
A patient with a myocardial infarction experiences cell death due to prolonged
ischemia. This type of cell death is best described as:
A) Apoptosis
B) Necrosis
C) Autophagy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Necrosis is unprogrammed cell death resulting from severe injury,
such as ischemia. In myocardial infarction, prolonged ischemia leads to
coagulative necrosis of cardiac muscle cells. Apoptosis is programmed cell
death that does not cause inflammation.
Question 6:
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause cellular injury primarily through which
mechanism?
A) Activation of DNA repair enzymes
B) Lipid peroxidation of cell membranes
C) Increased ATP production
D) Inhibition of apoptosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Reactive oxygen species (free radicals) cause cellular injury
primarily through lipid peroxidation of cell membranes, damaging membrane
integrity and function. They can also damage proteins and DNA.
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Question 7:
A patient with a history of alcohol abuse develops liver cirrhosis. The liver
cells show fatty accumulation. This is an example of:
A) Hydropic swelling
B) Fatty change (steatosis)
C) Hypertrophy
D) Hyperplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Fatty change (steatosis) is the accumulation of lipids in
parenchymal cells, commonly seen in the liver of patients with alcohol abuse.
It results from impaired lipid metabolism.
Question 8:
Which cells are considered the "first responders" of the innate immune
system?
A) Lymphocytes
B) Neutrophils
C) Macrophages
D) Eosinophils
Answer: B
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first cells to arrive at the site of acute
inflammation. They are the primary phagocytes of the innate immune
response and are essential for the early defense against bacterial infections.
Question 9:
What type of hypersensitivity reaction are hives (urticaria) an example of?
A) Type I hypersensitivity
B) Type II hypersensitivity
NRSG 2350 FINAL EXAM – COMPREHENSIVE 2026/2027
COMPLETE (150) CURRENT TESTING QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES.
NRSG
Prepare effectively for the NRSG 2350 Final Exam with this focused study resource. It
supports review of essential nursing concepts, patient assessment, clinical judgment,
nursing interventions, pharmacology, safety, and evidence-based practice relevant to
the course. Use the material to reinforce your knowledge, review high-yield topics, and
identify areas that may require additional study. This resource is suited for nursing
students, NRSG 2350 learners, and candidates preparing for the final examination.
MULTIPLE CHOICE.
SECTION 1: CELLULAR ADAPTATION, INJURY & INFLAMMATION (Questions
1–20)
Question 1:
A patient with long-standing hypertension develops an enlarged left ventricle.
This is an example of which type of cellular adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size leading to organ
enlargement. The left ventricle enlarges in response to increased workload
(hypertension) because cardiac muscle cells cannot divide (hyperplasia).
Metaplasia is the replacement of one cell type with another, and atrophy is a
decrease in cell size.
, Page 2 of 61
Question 2:
A patient who smokes has a change in the bronchial epithelium from ciliated
columnar to stratified squamous. This is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell
type with another. In smokers, chronic irritation causes the bronchial
epithelium to transform from ciliated columnar to stratified squamous
epithelium as a protective adaptation.
Question 3:
Which type of necrosis is typically seen in tuberculosis?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Caseous necrosis
C) Liquefactive necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Caseous necrosis ("cheese-like") is characteristic of
granulomatous infections like tuberculosis. It combines features of
coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, forming soft, friable, white debris within
granulomas. Coagulative necrosis is seen in ischemic injury (e.g., myocardial
infarction), and liquefactive necrosis is seen in brain infarcts.
Question 4:
What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
A) Physical trauma
B) Hypoxia
, Page 3 of 61
C) Chemical exposure
D) Genetic mutations
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia, or oxygen deprivation, is the most common cause of
cellular injury. It can result from ischemia, anemia, or respiratory failure,
leading to ATP depletion and cellular dysfunction.
Question 5:
A patient with a myocardial infarction experiences cell death due to prolonged
ischemia. This type of cell death is best described as:
A) Apoptosis
B) Necrosis
C) Autophagy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Necrosis is unprogrammed cell death resulting from severe injury,
such as ischemia. In myocardial infarction, prolonged ischemia leads to
coagulative necrosis of cardiac muscle cells. Apoptosis is programmed cell
death that does not cause inflammation.
Question 6:
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause cellular injury primarily through which
mechanism?
A) Activation of DNA repair enzymes
B) Lipid peroxidation of cell membranes
C) Increased ATP production
D) Inhibition of apoptosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Reactive oxygen species (free radicals) cause cellular injury
primarily through lipid peroxidation of cell membranes, damaging membrane
integrity and function. They can also damage proteins and DNA.
, Page 4 of 61
Question 7:
A patient with a history of alcohol abuse develops liver cirrhosis. The liver
cells show fatty accumulation. This is an example of:
A) Hydropic swelling
B) Fatty change (steatosis)
C) Hypertrophy
D) Hyperplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Fatty change (steatosis) is the accumulation of lipids in
parenchymal cells, commonly seen in the liver of patients with alcohol abuse.
It results from impaired lipid metabolism.
Question 8:
Which cells are considered the "first responders" of the innate immune
system?
A) Lymphocytes
B) Neutrophils
C) Macrophages
D) Eosinophils
Answer: B
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first cells to arrive at the site of acute
inflammation. They are the primary phagocytes of the innate immune
response and are essential for the early defense against bacterial infections.
Question 9:
What type of hypersensitivity reaction are hives (urticaria) an example of?
A) Type I hypersensitivity
B) Type II hypersensitivity
