NSG 250 EXAM 2 | COMPREHENSIVE NURSING STUDY GUIDE,
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2026/2027
Characteristics of the first 4 months - ANS ✔✔-Double birth weight
-Bodies lengthen
-Permanent hair grows
-Eyes can focus
-"coo"
-Smile
-Improved vision and hearing
-First tooth - 4/5 months
-Bones = soft cartilage, don't break
-Muscles are easily pulled
Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) - ANS ✔✔Results in brain damage, 4 months old
Self Discovery - ANS ✔✔4 months, study movement of hands, newborn reflexes disappear, refine motor
control
Characteristics of 5 to 8 months - ANS ✔✔-Heavier/Thicker hair
-Fine motor skills: use of hands and fingers to perform tasks that require hands and fingers to perform
tasks that require coordination and dexterity (grasping a rattle)
-Depth perception and voluntary control of muscles and the ability to organize behavior and actions into
smooth sequences
-Visually guided reach
-Bang 2 objects together, use hands to grasp, pass objects from hand to hand
-Gross motor skills: involve the use of larger muscles or the whole body, show progressive refinements
(crawl, scoot, sit, stand), social games (patty cake, peek a boo, hand object back, drop object & have
someone pick it up)
Visually Guided Reach - ANS ✔✔Infants (5-8 mo) can combine reaching, grasping, mouthing and
perceiving into a smooth sequence
Fine motor skills of 5-8 mo - ANS ✔✔use of hands and fingers to perform tasks that require hands and
fingers to perform tasks that require coordination and dexterity (grasping a rattle)
Gross motor skills of 5-8 mo - ANS ✔✔involve the use of larger muscles or the whole body, show
progressive refinements (crawl, scoot, sit, stand), social games (patty cake, peek a boo, hand object back,
drop object & have someone pick it up)
Characteristics of 9-12 mo old - ANS ✔✔-3x heavier
-Standing, talking, taking first steps, locomotion/exploration, master stairs (up, not down), feed
themselves
-Social games, roll back and forth, throw small objects, undo latches, open cabinets, turn on TV
-Pincer Grasp
, Pincer Grasp - ANS ✔✔-9-12 mo old
-"pinch" small objects- grass, hair
Characteristics of 13-18 mo olds - ANS ✔✔-Increase in weight slows
-Walking alone, stack cubes, scribble, partly undress
-imitation
Characteristics of 19-24 mo olds - ANS ✔✔-Pedal a tricycle, jump in place, balance on 1 foot, touch
anything in reach, pour water, dress/undress, transport using carts/wagons
Stunting - ANS ✔✔failure to achieve full adult height due to malnutrition in childhood
Marasmus - ANS ✔✔type of malnutrition caused by an insufficient total quantity of food where muscles
waste away and stored fat is depleted; if the duration is short, no long-term negative effects result
Kwashiorkor - ANS ✔✔Severe malnutrition caused by insufficient protein
-Most detrimental in first 3 yr because brain development is directly affected
Weaning - ANS ✔✔The process of shifting an infant's diet from breast/bottle feeding to eating/drinking a
wider variety of foods (3/4 mo. - 2/3 yr)
sensation - ANS ✔✔the transition of external stimulation into neural impulses (highly developed at birth)
perception - ANS ✔✔active process in interpreting information from the senses (limited at birth)
Newborns & Eyesight - ANS ✔✔-Can focus on objects at a range of 7-10 inches (objects closer or further
are blurry)
-Can't focus both eyes on a single point until 2 mo
-By 3/4 mo infants can use motion, shape, and spacial positioning
Mirror Neurons - ANS ✔✔neurons in the brains of humans and some other animals that fire both when
an individual performs a specific action and when the individual watches this action being performed by
others
Sensory integration - ANS ✔✔combining info from diff sensory channels into coordinated perceptions
Cognition - ANS ✔✔set of interrelated processes through which we gain and use knowledge about our
world - thinking, learning, perceiving, remembering, and understanding
Cognitive Development - ANS ✔✔the growth and refinement of these intellectual process
what do researchers believe about infants? - ANS ✔✔That infants are born with the ability to "carve up"
the physical world into categories (ex: distinguish males and females)
Piaget's stage that infants are in - ANS ✔✔Sensorimotor : birth to 2 years, where intelligence begins
When does adaptation occur according to Piaget? - ANS ✔✔When we experience new events in our
environment and adjust our mental schemes to include new info
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2026/2027
Characteristics of the first 4 months - ANS ✔✔-Double birth weight
-Bodies lengthen
-Permanent hair grows
-Eyes can focus
-"coo"
-Smile
-Improved vision and hearing
-First tooth - 4/5 months
-Bones = soft cartilage, don't break
-Muscles are easily pulled
Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) - ANS ✔✔Results in brain damage, 4 months old
Self Discovery - ANS ✔✔4 months, study movement of hands, newborn reflexes disappear, refine motor
control
Characteristics of 5 to 8 months - ANS ✔✔-Heavier/Thicker hair
-Fine motor skills: use of hands and fingers to perform tasks that require hands and fingers to perform
tasks that require coordination and dexterity (grasping a rattle)
-Depth perception and voluntary control of muscles and the ability to organize behavior and actions into
smooth sequences
-Visually guided reach
-Bang 2 objects together, use hands to grasp, pass objects from hand to hand
-Gross motor skills: involve the use of larger muscles or the whole body, show progressive refinements
(crawl, scoot, sit, stand), social games (patty cake, peek a boo, hand object back, drop object & have
someone pick it up)
Visually Guided Reach - ANS ✔✔Infants (5-8 mo) can combine reaching, grasping, mouthing and
perceiving into a smooth sequence
Fine motor skills of 5-8 mo - ANS ✔✔use of hands and fingers to perform tasks that require hands and
fingers to perform tasks that require coordination and dexterity (grasping a rattle)
Gross motor skills of 5-8 mo - ANS ✔✔involve the use of larger muscles or the whole body, show
progressive refinements (crawl, scoot, sit, stand), social games (patty cake, peek a boo, hand object back,
drop object & have someone pick it up)
Characteristics of 9-12 mo old - ANS ✔✔-3x heavier
-Standing, talking, taking first steps, locomotion/exploration, master stairs (up, not down), feed
themselves
-Social games, roll back and forth, throw small objects, undo latches, open cabinets, turn on TV
-Pincer Grasp
, Pincer Grasp - ANS ✔✔-9-12 mo old
-"pinch" small objects- grass, hair
Characteristics of 13-18 mo olds - ANS ✔✔-Increase in weight slows
-Walking alone, stack cubes, scribble, partly undress
-imitation
Characteristics of 19-24 mo olds - ANS ✔✔-Pedal a tricycle, jump in place, balance on 1 foot, touch
anything in reach, pour water, dress/undress, transport using carts/wagons
Stunting - ANS ✔✔failure to achieve full adult height due to malnutrition in childhood
Marasmus - ANS ✔✔type of malnutrition caused by an insufficient total quantity of food where muscles
waste away and stored fat is depleted; if the duration is short, no long-term negative effects result
Kwashiorkor - ANS ✔✔Severe malnutrition caused by insufficient protein
-Most detrimental in first 3 yr because brain development is directly affected
Weaning - ANS ✔✔The process of shifting an infant's diet from breast/bottle feeding to eating/drinking a
wider variety of foods (3/4 mo. - 2/3 yr)
sensation - ANS ✔✔the transition of external stimulation into neural impulses (highly developed at birth)
perception - ANS ✔✔active process in interpreting information from the senses (limited at birth)
Newborns & Eyesight - ANS ✔✔-Can focus on objects at a range of 7-10 inches (objects closer or further
are blurry)
-Can't focus both eyes on a single point until 2 mo
-By 3/4 mo infants can use motion, shape, and spacial positioning
Mirror Neurons - ANS ✔✔neurons in the brains of humans and some other animals that fire both when
an individual performs a specific action and when the individual watches this action being performed by
others
Sensory integration - ANS ✔✔combining info from diff sensory channels into coordinated perceptions
Cognition - ANS ✔✔set of interrelated processes through which we gain and use knowledge about our
world - thinking, learning, perceiving, remembering, and understanding
Cognitive Development - ANS ✔✔the growth and refinement of these intellectual process
what do researchers believe about infants? - ANS ✔✔That infants are born with the ability to "carve up"
the physical world into categories (ex: distinguish males and females)
Piaget's stage that infants are in - ANS ✔✔Sensorimotor : birth to 2 years, where intelligence begins
When does adaptation occur according to Piaget? - ANS ✔✔When we experience new events in our
environment and adjust our mental schemes to include new info
