Health Sciences 1002 -Study Guide
Questions with Guaranteed Pass
Solutions 2026-2027 Updated.
The WHO defines health as - Answer a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-
being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
14 Social Determinants of Health - Answer • Aboriginal status
• Disability
• Early life
• Education
• Working conditions
• Food insecurity
• health services
• Gender
• Housing
• Income + income distribution: More equal income distribution is indicative of better overall
health of a society.
• Race
• Social exclusion/isolation
• Social safety net
• Job security
Health capital - Answer The accumulation of health resources, inherited and acquired during
the early stages of life which determine current health and future health potential
Teen mother rates are highest in places where incomes and education levels are low and
poverty levels are high due to... - Answer 1. an 'opportunity deficit' + limited support for a
success in school: These teen mothers tend to have limited opportunities available for them so
there is not a sense that having a child will wreck their career or anything like that - can't wreck
something that isn't there and isn't coming.
2. Home life is not super, but having a baby may create that sense of home these girls are
looking for.
3. Neighbourhood and family norms + values --> family trends?
4. Perception of healthcare system and providers - they don't feel comfortable seeking help, like
obtaining contraceptives or getting an abortion.
,Social determinants of health and the social safety net in Canada - Answer Canada is one of
the world's biggest spenders in healthcare but has one of the poorest and least effective social
safety nets. We need to now focus our efforts on fixing social determinants from the root,
rather than on improving drugs and medications that only lessen these issues.
Income inequality and poverty rates in Canada - Answer In Canada, income inequality and
poverty rates are growing and are among the highest of wealthy developed nations. The middle
class is shrinking.
Social determinants of health diagram - Answer
Comparing life expectancy for Canadian men - Answer In Canada, men in the wealthiest 20%
of neighbourhoods live on average 4 years longer than men in the poorest 20% --> it was a 2
year difference in women. Those living in the most deprived neighbourhoods had death rates
28% higher than the least deprived neighbourhoods. Adult-onset diabetes and heart attacks are
far more common among low-income Canadians.
The situation with the latino preschoolers - Answer - looked at Latino children in an area of
California that was 95% latino, with most adults working in agriculture, and 40% living at or
below the federal poverty level.
- Of all population groups, migrant and agricultural workers (over 80% identify as Latino) have
the greatest difficulties accessing healthcare, especially oral healthcare.
- Latino children have nearly double the cavity rate compared to white children. Latino children
have the highest rate of cavities for any racial/ethnic group in the US - Latinos have the lowest
dental utilization rate of all ethnic/racial groups - about 17% of latino children had never been
to the dentist.
Reasons for high cavity rates:
- caregivers were not trusting of the dentists (who moved around frequently, making it hard to
establish patient-dentist-parent relationships)
- Caregivers did not always recognize visible signs of cavities or respond quickly unless children
were in pain
- English language proficiency, high-sugar diet, families can't drive, the caregiver's own
experiences with oral health care, clinic hours, whether parents are permitted in the room
- fluoridation of water supply (even where it was fluoridated, it was not widely consumed due
to fears of pesticide pollution)
- migrant status (illegal immigrants can only receive healthcare on an emergency basis)
- at home care-practices done with respect to oral health (brushing, sweet liquids before bed
without brushing, diet etc)
- fluctuating eligibility for health insurance intersected with limited community infrastructure
and civic amenities - lack of public transportation made access to care harder.
- Few general dentists had received specific training in handling young patients.
,- Children's dental fear and poor provider-parent communication were exacerbated by a scarcity
of dentists willing to serve rural low
Canadian life expectancy overtime - Answer In Canada, in the late 1800s, life expectancy was
just below 40, however by 1921 the life expectancy was 57.1 years. By 2016, life expectancy was
up to 82.8.
Canadian causes of death overtime - Answer 1881 top 10 causes of death: ALL diseases such
as smallpox, cholera, diphtheria, dysentery etc.
In 2016, the top 10 causes of death (more chronic) were: cancer, heart disease/stroke,
respiratory diseases, accidents, diabetes, Alzheimers, influenza + pneumonia, suicide and kidney
disease.
42% of the differences in life expectancy in the Hamilton ON region are due to... - Answer
education, poverty and access to healthcare
Compare the Sherman-Wentworth (Hamilton) and Orchard (Burlington) neighbourhoods in
terms of teen pregnancy rates: - Answer Sherman-Wentworth: 1/7 mothers are teens, average
household income is $36 000 and 1/4 adults lack a high school diploma.
The Orchard: no teen pregnancies during the 4 years of study, average household income is
$106 000 and 2/3 adults had a university education.
Problems associated with teen pregnancy for the child - Answer Born into a less stable
situation (changes the life course of generations afterwards).
15% of infants born to teen mothers are underweight at birth, compared to the provincial
average of 6.5%. Infants are at a higher risk of visual impairment, respiratory illness, cerebral
palsy etc.
Children living in poverty are more likely to: die during their first year, die from injuries,
infections, violence + trauma, have learning difficulties, leave school before grad, and
experience poorer health over their lifetime.
When Rudolf Virchow stated that "Disease is not something personal and special, but only a
manifestation of life under modified (pathological) conditions", the point he was making was... -
Answer that living conditions, modified by inequality and poverty, underlie poor health
outcomes.
Why are paternalistic policies critiqued? - Answer Paternalistic policies are critiqued on the
basis on not giving individuals freedom of choice.
, Food insecurity - Answer a measure of the inability to access meals/food due to a lack of
finances. Those who are food secure always have enough food/calories, and the right kinds of
food, to lead a healthy and active life.
Food insecurity statistics - Answer 12% of American households are food insecure - especially
ethnic minority and/or single parent households.
2 billion people globally are food insecure
The poor spend about 80% of their earnings on food.
Food insecurity in Nunavut - Answer In Nunavut, 40% of the population depends on social
assistance, due to the higher cost of living. 50% of people living in Nunavut are food insecure.
Food insecurity in Nunavut can be attributed to systemic factors: changes in traditions (harder
to be a hunter-gatherer), dependence on imports, poverty, and economic factors, such as food
prices.
Food insecurity in Canada - Answer 13% of Canadians are food insecure, at least sometimes.
Average Canadians spend 9% of their income on food, but low-income Canadians spend up to
50%. 65% of Canadian food insecure households are in the workforce.
Between 2008 and 2012, food insecurity rose by half a million Canadians.
In Canada, food insecure households are:
- 80% more likely to develop diabetes
- 70% more likely to develop food allergies
- 50% more likely to experience abnormal blood pressure.
SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) uses a plastic debit card - Answer To be
eligible, a household's income must be below 130% of the poverty line. This program is federally
funded, but state administered, so benefit amounts vary by state and by household size and
income. Average benefits are $133.41/person/month
Since 2008, participation in SNAP has set records. In May 2013, there were almost 48 million
recipients - nearly 16% of the US population. By 2018, 40 million Americans were using SNAP
each month.
Questions with Guaranteed Pass
Solutions 2026-2027 Updated.
The WHO defines health as - Answer a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-
being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
14 Social Determinants of Health - Answer • Aboriginal status
• Disability
• Early life
• Education
• Working conditions
• Food insecurity
• health services
• Gender
• Housing
• Income + income distribution: More equal income distribution is indicative of better overall
health of a society.
• Race
• Social exclusion/isolation
• Social safety net
• Job security
Health capital - Answer The accumulation of health resources, inherited and acquired during
the early stages of life which determine current health and future health potential
Teen mother rates are highest in places where incomes and education levels are low and
poverty levels are high due to... - Answer 1. an 'opportunity deficit' + limited support for a
success in school: These teen mothers tend to have limited opportunities available for them so
there is not a sense that having a child will wreck their career or anything like that - can't wreck
something that isn't there and isn't coming.
2. Home life is not super, but having a baby may create that sense of home these girls are
looking for.
3. Neighbourhood and family norms + values --> family trends?
4. Perception of healthcare system and providers - they don't feel comfortable seeking help, like
obtaining contraceptives or getting an abortion.
,Social determinants of health and the social safety net in Canada - Answer Canada is one of
the world's biggest spenders in healthcare but has one of the poorest and least effective social
safety nets. We need to now focus our efforts on fixing social determinants from the root,
rather than on improving drugs and medications that only lessen these issues.
Income inequality and poverty rates in Canada - Answer In Canada, income inequality and
poverty rates are growing and are among the highest of wealthy developed nations. The middle
class is shrinking.
Social determinants of health diagram - Answer
Comparing life expectancy for Canadian men - Answer In Canada, men in the wealthiest 20%
of neighbourhoods live on average 4 years longer than men in the poorest 20% --> it was a 2
year difference in women. Those living in the most deprived neighbourhoods had death rates
28% higher than the least deprived neighbourhoods. Adult-onset diabetes and heart attacks are
far more common among low-income Canadians.
The situation with the latino preschoolers - Answer - looked at Latino children in an area of
California that was 95% latino, with most adults working in agriculture, and 40% living at or
below the federal poverty level.
- Of all population groups, migrant and agricultural workers (over 80% identify as Latino) have
the greatest difficulties accessing healthcare, especially oral healthcare.
- Latino children have nearly double the cavity rate compared to white children. Latino children
have the highest rate of cavities for any racial/ethnic group in the US - Latinos have the lowest
dental utilization rate of all ethnic/racial groups - about 17% of latino children had never been
to the dentist.
Reasons for high cavity rates:
- caregivers were not trusting of the dentists (who moved around frequently, making it hard to
establish patient-dentist-parent relationships)
- Caregivers did not always recognize visible signs of cavities or respond quickly unless children
were in pain
- English language proficiency, high-sugar diet, families can't drive, the caregiver's own
experiences with oral health care, clinic hours, whether parents are permitted in the room
- fluoridation of water supply (even where it was fluoridated, it was not widely consumed due
to fears of pesticide pollution)
- migrant status (illegal immigrants can only receive healthcare on an emergency basis)
- at home care-practices done with respect to oral health (brushing, sweet liquids before bed
without brushing, diet etc)
- fluctuating eligibility for health insurance intersected with limited community infrastructure
and civic amenities - lack of public transportation made access to care harder.
- Few general dentists had received specific training in handling young patients.
,- Children's dental fear and poor provider-parent communication were exacerbated by a scarcity
of dentists willing to serve rural low
Canadian life expectancy overtime - Answer In Canada, in the late 1800s, life expectancy was
just below 40, however by 1921 the life expectancy was 57.1 years. By 2016, life expectancy was
up to 82.8.
Canadian causes of death overtime - Answer 1881 top 10 causes of death: ALL diseases such
as smallpox, cholera, diphtheria, dysentery etc.
In 2016, the top 10 causes of death (more chronic) were: cancer, heart disease/stroke,
respiratory diseases, accidents, diabetes, Alzheimers, influenza + pneumonia, suicide and kidney
disease.
42% of the differences in life expectancy in the Hamilton ON region are due to... - Answer
education, poverty and access to healthcare
Compare the Sherman-Wentworth (Hamilton) and Orchard (Burlington) neighbourhoods in
terms of teen pregnancy rates: - Answer Sherman-Wentworth: 1/7 mothers are teens, average
household income is $36 000 and 1/4 adults lack a high school diploma.
The Orchard: no teen pregnancies during the 4 years of study, average household income is
$106 000 and 2/3 adults had a university education.
Problems associated with teen pregnancy for the child - Answer Born into a less stable
situation (changes the life course of generations afterwards).
15% of infants born to teen mothers are underweight at birth, compared to the provincial
average of 6.5%. Infants are at a higher risk of visual impairment, respiratory illness, cerebral
palsy etc.
Children living in poverty are more likely to: die during their first year, die from injuries,
infections, violence + trauma, have learning difficulties, leave school before grad, and
experience poorer health over their lifetime.
When Rudolf Virchow stated that "Disease is not something personal and special, but only a
manifestation of life under modified (pathological) conditions", the point he was making was... -
Answer that living conditions, modified by inequality and poverty, underlie poor health
outcomes.
Why are paternalistic policies critiqued? - Answer Paternalistic policies are critiqued on the
basis on not giving individuals freedom of choice.
, Food insecurity - Answer a measure of the inability to access meals/food due to a lack of
finances. Those who are food secure always have enough food/calories, and the right kinds of
food, to lead a healthy and active life.
Food insecurity statistics - Answer 12% of American households are food insecure - especially
ethnic minority and/or single parent households.
2 billion people globally are food insecure
The poor spend about 80% of their earnings on food.
Food insecurity in Nunavut - Answer In Nunavut, 40% of the population depends on social
assistance, due to the higher cost of living. 50% of people living in Nunavut are food insecure.
Food insecurity in Nunavut can be attributed to systemic factors: changes in traditions (harder
to be a hunter-gatherer), dependence on imports, poverty, and economic factors, such as food
prices.
Food insecurity in Canada - Answer 13% of Canadians are food insecure, at least sometimes.
Average Canadians spend 9% of their income on food, but low-income Canadians spend up to
50%. 65% of Canadian food insecure households are in the workforce.
Between 2008 and 2012, food insecurity rose by half a million Canadians.
In Canada, food insecure households are:
- 80% more likely to develop diabetes
- 70% more likely to develop food allergies
- 50% more likely to experience abnormal blood pressure.
SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) uses a plastic debit card - Answer To be
eligible, a household's income must be below 130% of the poverty line. This program is federally
funded, but state administered, so benefit amounts vary by state and by household size and
income. Average benefits are $133.41/person/month
Since 2008, participation in SNAP has set records. In May 2013, there were almost 48 million
recipients - nearly 16% of the US population. By 2018, 40 million Americans were using SNAP
each month.
