1|Page
NSG 530 EXAM 1–4 COMBINED – ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPLETE QUESTIONS &
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (2026-2027) WILKES
EXAM 1
Pyelonephritis - ANS-inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney
Chronic Pyelonephritis - ANS-Interstitial fibrosis and atrophy of tubules
due to multiple bouts of acute pyelonephritis
Can be associated with chronic UTI's, vesicoureteral reflux, or kidney
stones
Cystitis - ANS-Inflammation of the bladder
Common pathogens are E. Coli and staphylococcus saphrophyticus
Symptoms of cystitis - ANS-Frequency, urgency, dysuria, lower back
pain
Renal cell carcinoma - ANS-cancerous tumor that arises from kidney
tubule cells
Renal adenoma - ANS-small, slow-growing glandular noncancerous
tumor of the kidney
,2|Page
Renal transitional cell carcinoma - ANS-rare and primarily arises in the
renal parenchyma and renal pelvis.
Transitional cell carcinoma - ANS-a malignant tumor of the urinary tract
that is often found within the urinary bladder or within the renal pelvis.
Generally occurs in older men. Gross painless hematuria
Gomerulonephritis - ANS-inflammation of the glomeruli within the
kidney
Primary glomerulonephritis - ANS-inflammation of the glomeruli of the
kidneys that occurs independently of other chronic conditions; usually
the result of an acute infectious process
secondary glomerulonephritis - ANS-inflammation of the glomeruli of
the kidneys that results from other chronic conditions, such as lupus
erythematosus or diabetes.
Symptoms of glomerulonephritis - ANS-Hematuria with red blood cell
casts, proteinuria with albumin, oliguria, HTN, edema, nephrotic
sediment
Types of glomerulonephritis - ANS-- membranous nephropathy/
glomerulonephritis
- rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis
,3|Page
-Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (goodpasture syndrome)
- chronic glomerulonephritis
-diabetic neuropathy
Nephrotic syndrome - ANS-loss of large amounts of plasma protein,
usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the
glomerular membrane
Causes of nephrotic syndrome - ANS-Membranous glomerulonephritis
Minimal change nephropathy
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
-systemic disease such as diabetes or lupus
Hypospadias - ANS-congenital abnormality in which the male urethral
opening is on the undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip
Epispadias - ANS-Opening of the urethra on the superior surface of the
penis
Chordee - ANS-a downward curvature of the penis, often associated
with hypospadias
, 4|Page
Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor) - ANS-A rapidly developing
malignancy of the kidneys, usually affecting children before age 5.
Normally found by parents due to swelling.
PCOS diagnosis - ANS-Have to have two of the following:
-Irregular ovulation
-Elevated levels of androgen
-Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) - ANS-An endocrine disorder
associated with chronic anovulation, most common in young women
(teens to twenties). High LH/FSH ratio in blood; A hormonal disorder
causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges.
Chlamydia - ANS-A bacterial infection that affects the reproductive
organs of both males and females. Can cause permanent damage to a
woman's reproductive system. Can also cause ectopic pregnancy.
Symptoms of Chlamydia - ANS-urethritis; penile and vaginal
discharges; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain; painful intercourse;
irregular menses
Syphilis - ANS-an STD that attacks many parts of the body and is
caused by a small bacterium called a spirochete. 3 phases
NSG 530 EXAM 1–4 COMBINED – ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPLETE QUESTIONS &
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (2026-2027) WILKES
EXAM 1
Pyelonephritis - ANS-inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney
Chronic Pyelonephritis - ANS-Interstitial fibrosis and atrophy of tubules
due to multiple bouts of acute pyelonephritis
Can be associated with chronic UTI's, vesicoureteral reflux, or kidney
stones
Cystitis - ANS-Inflammation of the bladder
Common pathogens are E. Coli and staphylococcus saphrophyticus
Symptoms of cystitis - ANS-Frequency, urgency, dysuria, lower back
pain
Renal cell carcinoma - ANS-cancerous tumor that arises from kidney
tubule cells
Renal adenoma - ANS-small, slow-growing glandular noncancerous
tumor of the kidney
,2|Page
Renal transitional cell carcinoma - ANS-rare and primarily arises in the
renal parenchyma and renal pelvis.
Transitional cell carcinoma - ANS-a malignant tumor of the urinary tract
that is often found within the urinary bladder or within the renal pelvis.
Generally occurs in older men. Gross painless hematuria
Gomerulonephritis - ANS-inflammation of the glomeruli within the
kidney
Primary glomerulonephritis - ANS-inflammation of the glomeruli of the
kidneys that occurs independently of other chronic conditions; usually
the result of an acute infectious process
secondary glomerulonephritis - ANS-inflammation of the glomeruli of
the kidneys that results from other chronic conditions, such as lupus
erythematosus or diabetes.
Symptoms of glomerulonephritis - ANS-Hematuria with red blood cell
casts, proteinuria with albumin, oliguria, HTN, edema, nephrotic
sediment
Types of glomerulonephritis - ANS-- membranous nephropathy/
glomerulonephritis
- rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis
,3|Page
-Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (goodpasture syndrome)
- chronic glomerulonephritis
-diabetic neuropathy
Nephrotic syndrome - ANS-loss of large amounts of plasma protein,
usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the
glomerular membrane
Causes of nephrotic syndrome - ANS-Membranous glomerulonephritis
Minimal change nephropathy
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
-systemic disease such as diabetes or lupus
Hypospadias - ANS-congenital abnormality in which the male urethral
opening is on the undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip
Epispadias - ANS-Opening of the urethra on the superior surface of the
penis
Chordee - ANS-a downward curvature of the penis, often associated
with hypospadias
, 4|Page
Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor) - ANS-A rapidly developing
malignancy of the kidneys, usually affecting children before age 5.
Normally found by parents due to swelling.
PCOS diagnosis - ANS-Have to have two of the following:
-Irregular ovulation
-Elevated levels of androgen
-Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) - ANS-An endocrine disorder
associated with chronic anovulation, most common in young women
(teens to twenties). High LH/FSH ratio in blood; A hormonal disorder
causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges.
Chlamydia - ANS-A bacterial infection that affects the reproductive
organs of both males and females. Can cause permanent damage to a
woman's reproductive system. Can also cause ectopic pregnancy.
Symptoms of Chlamydia - ANS-urethritis; penile and vaginal
discharges; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain; painful intercourse;
irregular menses
Syphilis - ANS-an STD that attacks many parts of the body and is
caused by a small bacterium called a spirochete. 3 phases
