NUR 505 Exam 2 Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams Includes Frequently Tested
Questions With ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
tough, double walled fibrous sac, encases and protects
Pericardium
the heart
thin outermost muscle layer, covers surface of the heart
Epicardium
and extends onto the great vessels
thick muscular layer
Myocardium:
Responsible for pumping action of the heart
innermost layer, lines the chambers of the heart, heart
Endocardium valves, and the small muscles associated with opening and
closing the valves
small , thin walled structures
Atria Act primarily as blood reservoirs for blood returning to the
heart from the veins throughout the body
Large thick walled chambers
Ventricles Pump blood to the lungs and throughout the body
Right and left ventricles = primary muscle mass of heart
tricuspid and mitral valves
Sit between the atria and ventricles
Atrioventricular valves
When the ventricles contract (systole), AV valves snap shut
= preventing blood from flowing back into the atria
Tricuspid valve Separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
Mitral valve Separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
aortic and pulmonic valve
Each have 3 cusps
Contraction of the ventricles (systole) OPENS the semilu-
Semilunar valves:
nar valves
Causes blood to rush into the pulmonary artery and aorta
When ventricles relax (diastole) the valves close
Pulmonic valve
,Separates the right ventricle from the right pulmonary
artery
Aortic valve Lies between the left ventricle and the aorta
CLOSING OF THE MITRAL AND TRICUSPID VALVE: S1
ventricular contraction raises the pressure in the ventricles
S1
and forces the mitral and tricuspid valves closed, prevent-
ing back flow into the atria
This valve closure: S1
CLOSURE OF THE AORTIC AND PULMONIC VALVE: S2
When the ventricles are almost empty, the pressure in
the ventricles falls below that in the aorta and pulmonary
S2
artery
closure of these valves causes the second heart sound: S2
S3 passive ventricular filing
atria contract to ensure the ejection of any remaining
S4
blood
The impulse originates and is paced by the sinoatrial
node: SA node
Located in the wall of the right atrium
Impulse then travels through both atria to the AV node
Located in the atrial septum
Electrical activity of the heart
In the AV node the impulse is delayed but then passes
down the bundle of His to the purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers: heart muscle cells specialized for electrical
conduction
Located in the ventricular myocardium
the spread of a stimulus through the atria = atrial depo-
p wave
larization
, time from the initial stimulation of the atria to the initial
PR interval: stimulation of the ventricles
0.12 - 0.20 seconds
spread of a stimulus through the ventricles = ventricular
QRS complex depolarization
Less than 0.12 seconds
return of a stimulated ventricular muscle to a resting state
ST segment and T wave:
= ventricular repolarization
small deflection rarely seen just after the T wave
U wave:
Repolarization of the purkinje fibers
time elapsed from the onset of ventricular depolarization
QT interval:
until the completion of ventricular repolarization
auscultation location of tricuspid valve 4th left intercostal space, along Lower left Sternal border
Apical area, at the apex of the the heart
In the 5th left
Intercostal
auscultation location of mitral valve Space
At the mid
Clavicular
line
2nd right
Intercostal
auscultation location of pulmonic valve Space, along
Right Sternal
border
2nd left
auscultation location of aortic valve Intercostal
space
, Left sternal
border
Closure of the ductus arteriosus: usually within 24-48
hours
Functional closure of the interatrial foramen ovale: as
pressure rises in the left atrium
What happens in an infant's heart after birth?
Heart lies more horizontally in the chest in infants and
young children
Apex of the heart rides higher: 4th left intercostal space
Pregnant patient's blood volume increases 40-50% from
pre pregnancy level
Heart works harder to accommodate the increased HR and
How does pregnancy attect the cardiac system?
stroke volume required for the expanded blood volume
Left ventricle increases in both wall thickness and mass
Cardiac output increases 30-40%
Heart size may decrease with age unless hypertension or
heart disease causes enlargement
Left ventricular wall thickens
Valves tend to fibrose and calcify
Stroke volume decreases, cardiac output during exercise
What changes occur in our elderly population? declines by 30-40%
Endocardium thickens
Myocardium becomes less elastic and more rigid
Response to stress and increased oxygen demand is less
eflcient
Tachycardia is poorly tolerated
Substernal location
Provoked by ettort, emotion, eating
Questions With ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
tough, double walled fibrous sac, encases and protects
Pericardium
the heart
thin outermost muscle layer, covers surface of the heart
Epicardium
and extends onto the great vessels
thick muscular layer
Myocardium:
Responsible for pumping action of the heart
innermost layer, lines the chambers of the heart, heart
Endocardium valves, and the small muscles associated with opening and
closing the valves
small , thin walled structures
Atria Act primarily as blood reservoirs for blood returning to the
heart from the veins throughout the body
Large thick walled chambers
Ventricles Pump blood to the lungs and throughout the body
Right and left ventricles = primary muscle mass of heart
tricuspid and mitral valves
Sit between the atria and ventricles
Atrioventricular valves
When the ventricles contract (systole), AV valves snap shut
= preventing blood from flowing back into the atria
Tricuspid valve Separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
Mitral valve Separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
aortic and pulmonic valve
Each have 3 cusps
Contraction of the ventricles (systole) OPENS the semilu-
Semilunar valves:
nar valves
Causes blood to rush into the pulmonary artery and aorta
When ventricles relax (diastole) the valves close
Pulmonic valve
,Separates the right ventricle from the right pulmonary
artery
Aortic valve Lies between the left ventricle and the aorta
CLOSING OF THE MITRAL AND TRICUSPID VALVE: S1
ventricular contraction raises the pressure in the ventricles
S1
and forces the mitral and tricuspid valves closed, prevent-
ing back flow into the atria
This valve closure: S1
CLOSURE OF THE AORTIC AND PULMONIC VALVE: S2
When the ventricles are almost empty, the pressure in
the ventricles falls below that in the aorta and pulmonary
S2
artery
closure of these valves causes the second heart sound: S2
S3 passive ventricular filing
atria contract to ensure the ejection of any remaining
S4
blood
The impulse originates and is paced by the sinoatrial
node: SA node
Located in the wall of the right atrium
Impulse then travels through both atria to the AV node
Located in the atrial septum
Electrical activity of the heart
In the AV node the impulse is delayed but then passes
down the bundle of His to the purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers: heart muscle cells specialized for electrical
conduction
Located in the ventricular myocardium
the spread of a stimulus through the atria = atrial depo-
p wave
larization
, time from the initial stimulation of the atria to the initial
PR interval: stimulation of the ventricles
0.12 - 0.20 seconds
spread of a stimulus through the ventricles = ventricular
QRS complex depolarization
Less than 0.12 seconds
return of a stimulated ventricular muscle to a resting state
ST segment and T wave:
= ventricular repolarization
small deflection rarely seen just after the T wave
U wave:
Repolarization of the purkinje fibers
time elapsed from the onset of ventricular depolarization
QT interval:
until the completion of ventricular repolarization
auscultation location of tricuspid valve 4th left intercostal space, along Lower left Sternal border
Apical area, at the apex of the the heart
In the 5th left
Intercostal
auscultation location of mitral valve Space
At the mid
Clavicular
line
2nd right
Intercostal
auscultation location of pulmonic valve Space, along
Right Sternal
border
2nd left
auscultation location of aortic valve Intercostal
space
, Left sternal
border
Closure of the ductus arteriosus: usually within 24-48
hours
Functional closure of the interatrial foramen ovale: as
pressure rises in the left atrium
What happens in an infant's heart after birth?
Heart lies more horizontally in the chest in infants and
young children
Apex of the heart rides higher: 4th left intercostal space
Pregnant patient's blood volume increases 40-50% from
pre pregnancy level
Heart works harder to accommodate the increased HR and
How does pregnancy attect the cardiac system?
stroke volume required for the expanded blood volume
Left ventricle increases in both wall thickness and mass
Cardiac output increases 30-40%
Heart size may decrease with age unless hypertension or
heart disease causes enlargement
Left ventricular wall thickens
Valves tend to fibrose and calcify
Stroke volume decreases, cardiac output during exercise
What changes occur in our elderly population? declines by 30-40%
Endocardium thickens
Myocardium becomes less elastic and more rigid
Response to stress and increased oxygen demand is less
eflcient
Tachycardia is poorly tolerated
Substernal location
Provoked by ettort, emotion, eating
