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Rapid decrease in drug ettects; when a patient gets de-
Desensitization
sensitized, they may need a larger dose for it to take ettect.
Gradual decrease in drug action; this is ditterent from
Tolerance
desensitization and may also require a larger dose.
Toxicity Drug concentration that is harmful to the body.
Ratio of maximum nontoxic dose to minimum ettective
Therapeutic index dose; can be attected by drug tolerance and may be great-
ly changed by coadministration of other medications.
Eflcacy Refers to a drug's ability to produce a response.
Potency Refers to the drug dose needed for an ettect.
First phase of drug treatment involving psychiatric evalu-
Initiation
ation to determine if the drugs are needed or indicated.
Second phase of drug treatment where medication
Stabilization dosage is adjusted or titrated, and patient's response is
monitored.
Third phase of drug treatment where target symptoms
Maintenance
have improved and the medication regimen continues.
Final phase of drug treatment where some medications
Discontinuation
require tapering and others may be needed for a lifetime.
Medications used to treat anxiety disorders, including
Anti-anxiety Medications
benzodiazepines.
A class of anti-anxiety medications known to enhance
Benzodiazepines GABA; examples include Alprazolam, Lorazepam, and Di-
azepam.
A neurologic disorder that can occur during acute alcohol
Delirium Tremens
withdrawal.
Non-Benzodiazepines
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Medications like Buspirone that ettectively treat anxiety
disorders without CNS depressant ettects.
Medications used to treat depression, including SSRIs,
Antidepressant Medications
SNRIs, MAOIs, and TCAs.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; examples include
SSRIs
Fluoxetine and Sertraline.
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors; examples
SNRIs
include Venlafaxine and Duloxetine.
A class of antidepressants that act on various neuro-
Tricyclic Antidepressants transmitter systems; examples include Amitriptyline and
Imipramine.
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; examples include
MAOIs
Phenelzine and Tranylcypromine.
Medications used to treat psychosis, divided into typical
Antipsychotic Medications
(1st generation) and atypical (2nd generation) classes.
Side ettects of typical first-generation antipsychotics, in-
Acute extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)
cluding dystonia and akathisia.
A repetitive twisting motion that occurs within a few days
Dystonia
of initiating therapy.
Inner restlessness that is sometimes misdiagnosed as ag-
Akathisia
itation or increased psychotic symptoms.
Characterized by a shuffling gait and muscle stittness,
Pseudoparkinsonism
occurring within the first 30 days of treatment.
Chronic syndrome characterized by facial movements, gri-
Tardive dyskinesia
macing, and lip smacking.
A life-threatening condition caused by overactivity of sero-
Serotonin Syndrome tonin; symptoms include mental status changes and auto-
nomic instability.
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A warning indicating increased risk of suicidal behavior
Boxed warning in children, adolescents, and young adults when using
certain antidepressants.
Antipsychotic Use Long-term use may lead to irreversible ettects.
Lithium Gold standard mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder.
Indications for Lithium Used for mania and depressive episodes.
Lithium Onset Therapeutic ettects in 5-7 days, max 2 weeks.
Lithium Excretion Primarily excreted through the kidneys.
Therapeutic Blood Levels for lithium Maintain 0.6-1.2 mEq/L for safety.
Lithium Side Ettects Includes thirst, metallic taste, and tremors.
Lithium Toxicity Symptoms Confusion, tinnitus, excessive urination, clonic twitching.
Valproate Rapidly absorbed; peak levels in 1-4 hours.
Valproate Side Ettects Includes GI disturbances, lethargy, and weight gain.
Carbamazepine Variable absorption; peak levels in 2-6 hours.
Carbamazepine Side Ettects Dizziness, drowsiness, and rare aplastic anemia.
Lamotrigine Can cause benign rashes; discontinue if severe.
Phototherapy Bright light exposure improves seasonal depression.
ECT Electroconvulsive therapy for severe depression.
Melatonin Used primarily for treating insomnia.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Non-invasive, similar to ECT without side ettects.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation Adjunct treatment for resistant severe depression.
Non-Adherence Reasons Includes side ettects, stigma, and confusion.
Depressive Disorders Characterized by sadness and impaired daily functioning.
Mood Sustained emotional state influencing perception.