PSYCH 1020 Exam 1 Dr. Gitter with
Accurate Solutions
Psychology - correct Answer-the science of behavior, the mind, and the brain
emission theory of vision - correct Answer-vision that relied on the idea that light
emanating from our eyes is what allows us to see the world
who first proposed the emission theory of vision - correct Answer-Empedocles
Intromission theory of vision - correct Answer-idea that vision results from the detection
of light-waves that enter the eye after bouncing off of objects in the world
behavior - correct Answer-any action that can be observed and recorded
What are ways we can study behavior? - correct Answer-1. interviews and
questionnaires
2. naturalistic observation
3.laboratory tasks
4. specialized instruments
Dualism - correct Answer-mind and body are separate and the mind controls the body
Who proposed the idea of dualism? - correct Answer-Rene Decartes
What is the modern view of the human mind? - correct Answer-it rejects dualism and
instead states that the mind arises from activity within the brain and is therefore not
separate from the body
What are some ways that scientists can measure psychological processes? - correct
Answer-EEGs, ECGs, EDAs, and EMGs
EEGs (electroencephalograms) - correct Answer-measure brain activity such as
cognitive processes
ECG's (Electrocardiograms) - correct Answer-measures brain activity such as cognitive
processes
EDAs (electrodermal activity) - correct Answer-a way to measure skin conductance, and
can help determine levels of alertness
,EMGs (electromyography) - correct Answer-measure muscle activity and are one way
to evaluate muscle conditioning
What kind of science is psychology? - correct Answer-empirical science
empirical science - correct Answer-based on observation (rather than theory) and can
be verified or disproved with observation and experiment
some important figures in psychology - correct Answer-Confucius, Plato, and Aristotle
Who developed the theory of tabula rasa ("blank state") - correct Answer-John Locke
tabula rasa - correct Answer-people are born with minds that are "blank states" and
therefore, all knowledge comes from experience or perception
Who formed the fundamental bias of empiricism? - correct Answer-Locke and Bacon
Who wrote A System of Logic? - correct Answer-mill
What did Mill's book state? - correct Answer-psychology should move away from
speculation and toward scientific inquiry
Who was the father of structuralism? - correct Answer-Titchener
Structuralism (Wundt) - correct Answer-experience could be broken down into their
constituent parts
introspection - correct Answer-A method of self-observation in which participants report
their thoughts and feelings
Requirements of Causality - correct Answer-covariation, temporal precedents,
elimination of spuriousness
covariation - correct Answer-simple idea that if two things are casually related to one
another, they should change in what seems like a predictive relationship w/regard to
one another
temporal precedents - correct Answer-the idea that if 2 things are casually related, the
cause comes before the effect
spurious - correct Answer-not genuine, not true, not valid
elements required for an effective experimental studies - correct Answer-identify the
variables, establish causality, choose representative sample, randomly assign
participants
, treatment condition - correct Answer-group that receives the treatments
control conditions - correct Answer-group that does not receive treatment in the
experiment
confound - correct Answer-anything that changes @ the same time as the IV and may
affect the DV
Sample - correct Answer-a subset of the population that is representative of the
population
Population - correct Answer-ALL cases of the group of interests
2 ways to select your sample - correct Answer-random sampling and convenience
sampling
random sampling - correct Answer-a sample that fairly represents a population because
each member has an equal chance of inclusion
convience sampling - correct Answer-use results that are easy to get
stratified sampling - correct Answer-used to recruit specific participants in order to find a
representative sample of the population
what does random assignment minimize? - correct Answer-potential meaningful
differences b/w groups
in order to be valuable, the data collected must be... - correct Answer-both reliable and
valid
reliability - correct Answer-consistency of measurement (does not reflect accuracy)
Validity - correct Answer-indication of the accuracy of a measure
types of validity psychologists are concerned with - correct Answer-construct validity,
external validity, and internal validity
construct validity - correct Answer-the extent to which variables measure what they are
supposed to measure
external validity - correct Answer-extent to which we can generalize findings to real-
world settings
internal validity - correct Answer-extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect
inferences from a study
Accurate Solutions
Psychology - correct Answer-the science of behavior, the mind, and the brain
emission theory of vision - correct Answer-vision that relied on the idea that light
emanating from our eyes is what allows us to see the world
who first proposed the emission theory of vision - correct Answer-Empedocles
Intromission theory of vision - correct Answer-idea that vision results from the detection
of light-waves that enter the eye after bouncing off of objects in the world
behavior - correct Answer-any action that can be observed and recorded
What are ways we can study behavior? - correct Answer-1. interviews and
questionnaires
2. naturalistic observation
3.laboratory tasks
4. specialized instruments
Dualism - correct Answer-mind and body are separate and the mind controls the body
Who proposed the idea of dualism? - correct Answer-Rene Decartes
What is the modern view of the human mind? - correct Answer-it rejects dualism and
instead states that the mind arises from activity within the brain and is therefore not
separate from the body
What are some ways that scientists can measure psychological processes? - correct
Answer-EEGs, ECGs, EDAs, and EMGs
EEGs (electroencephalograms) - correct Answer-measure brain activity such as
cognitive processes
ECG's (Electrocardiograms) - correct Answer-measures brain activity such as cognitive
processes
EDAs (electrodermal activity) - correct Answer-a way to measure skin conductance, and
can help determine levels of alertness
,EMGs (electromyography) - correct Answer-measure muscle activity and are one way
to evaluate muscle conditioning
What kind of science is psychology? - correct Answer-empirical science
empirical science - correct Answer-based on observation (rather than theory) and can
be verified or disproved with observation and experiment
some important figures in psychology - correct Answer-Confucius, Plato, and Aristotle
Who developed the theory of tabula rasa ("blank state") - correct Answer-John Locke
tabula rasa - correct Answer-people are born with minds that are "blank states" and
therefore, all knowledge comes from experience or perception
Who formed the fundamental bias of empiricism? - correct Answer-Locke and Bacon
Who wrote A System of Logic? - correct Answer-mill
What did Mill's book state? - correct Answer-psychology should move away from
speculation and toward scientific inquiry
Who was the father of structuralism? - correct Answer-Titchener
Structuralism (Wundt) - correct Answer-experience could be broken down into their
constituent parts
introspection - correct Answer-A method of self-observation in which participants report
their thoughts and feelings
Requirements of Causality - correct Answer-covariation, temporal precedents,
elimination of spuriousness
covariation - correct Answer-simple idea that if two things are casually related to one
another, they should change in what seems like a predictive relationship w/regard to
one another
temporal precedents - correct Answer-the idea that if 2 things are casually related, the
cause comes before the effect
spurious - correct Answer-not genuine, not true, not valid
elements required for an effective experimental studies - correct Answer-identify the
variables, establish causality, choose representative sample, randomly assign
participants
, treatment condition - correct Answer-group that receives the treatments
control conditions - correct Answer-group that does not receive treatment in the
experiment
confound - correct Answer-anything that changes @ the same time as the IV and may
affect the DV
Sample - correct Answer-a subset of the population that is representative of the
population
Population - correct Answer-ALL cases of the group of interests
2 ways to select your sample - correct Answer-random sampling and convenience
sampling
random sampling - correct Answer-a sample that fairly represents a population because
each member has an equal chance of inclusion
convience sampling - correct Answer-use results that are easy to get
stratified sampling - correct Answer-used to recruit specific participants in order to find a
representative sample of the population
what does random assignment minimize? - correct Answer-potential meaningful
differences b/w groups
in order to be valuable, the data collected must be... - correct Answer-both reliable and
valid
reliability - correct Answer-consistency of measurement (does not reflect accuracy)
Validity - correct Answer-indication of the accuracy of a measure
types of validity psychologists are concerned with - correct Answer-construct validity,
external validity, and internal validity
construct validity - correct Answer-the extent to which variables measure what they are
supposed to measure
external validity - correct Answer-extent to which we can generalize findings to real-
world settings
internal validity - correct Answer-extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect
inferences from a study
