AP Biology Final Exam
Review Questions with
Complete Solutions
User [Date] [Course title]
,emergent properties - Correct Answer: new properties that emerge with each step upward in the
hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
negative feedback - Correct Answer: a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions
that reduce the stimulus
positive feedback - Correct Answer: a physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable
triggers mechanisms that amplify the change
inductive reasoning - Correct Answer: reasoning based on observed patterns
polymer - Correct Answer: large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
hydrolysis - Correct Answer: a chemical process in which a compound is broken down and changed into
other compounds by taking up the elements of water
enzyme - Correct Answer: protein that acts as a biological catalyst
phospholipids - Correct Answer: a molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological
membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail
cellular respiration - Correct Answer: process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other
food molecules in the presence of oxygen
phosphorylation - Correct Answer: the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule.
Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation
chemiosmosis - Correct Answer: a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical
gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.
fermentation - Correct Answer: the process by which cells break down molecules to release energy
without using oxygen
, gametes - Correct Answer: reproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells
meiosis - Correct Answer: a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases
to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells
somatic cell - Correct Answer: cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except gametes
crossing over - Correct Answer: the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes
during the prophase of meiosis
transcription - Correct Answer: process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a
complementary sequence in mRNA
codons - Correct Answer: a three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino
acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
RNA splicing - Correct Answer: process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the
remaining exons are joined together
mutations - Correct Answer: random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of
nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity
repetitive DNA - Correct Answer: nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many
copies in a eukaryotic genome.
transposons - Correct Answer: small mobile DNA segments
homeobox - Correct Answer: one of various similar homeotic genes that are involved in bodily
segmentation during embryonic development
Review Questions with
Complete Solutions
User [Date] [Course title]
,emergent properties - Correct Answer: new properties that emerge with each step upward in the
hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
negative feedback - Correct Answer: a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions
that reduce the stimulus
positive feedback - Correct Answer: a physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable
triggers mechanisms that amplify the change
inductive reasoning - Correct Answer: reasoning based on observed patterns
polymer - Correct Answer: large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
hydrolysis - Correct Answer: a chemical process in which a compound is broken down and changed into
other compounds by taking up the elements of water
enzyme - Correct Answer: protein that acts as a biological catalyst
phospholipids - Correct Answer: a molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological
membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail
cellular respiration - Correct Answer: process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other
food molecules in the presence of oxygen
phosphorylation - Correct Answer: the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule.
Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation
chemiosmosis - Correct Answer: a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical
gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.
fermentation - Correct Answer: the process by which cells break down molecules to release energy
without using oxygen
, gametes - Correct Answer: reproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells
meiosis - Correct Answer: a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases
to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells
somatic cell - Correct Answer: cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except gametes
crossing over - Correct Answer: the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes
during the prophase of meiosis
transcription - Correct Answer: process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a
complementary sequence in mRNA
codons - Correct Answer: a three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino
acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
RNA splicing - Correct Answer: process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the
remaining exons are joined together
mutations - Correct Answer: random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of
nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity
repetitive DNA - Correct Answer: nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many
copies in a eukaryotic genome.
transposons - Correct Answer: small mobile DNA segments
homeobox - Correct Answer: one of various similar homeotic genes that are involved in bodily
segmentation during embryonic development
