SCIE 1020 Exam with Verified Solutions
thin and cool overall but divided into basaltic oceanic crust and granitic continental
crust. - ANS-Earths crust
thick and consists of hot rock rich in silicon and oxygen—like the crust, except the
mantle contains more magnesium, iron, and calcium. - ANS-The mantle
composed of scorching hot metal, mostly iron with some nickel. - ANS-The core
•Earth was molten when it was a young planet, due to collisions with space debris.
•Denser elements were able to sink toward Earth's center when the planet was fluid.
This is the process of differentiation.
As a result of differentiation, Earth is layered according to density and therefore also
according to composition - ANS-Differentiation
the equilibrium that exists between parts of the earth's crust, which behaves as if it
consists of blocks floating on the underlying mantle, rising if material (such as an ice
cap) is removed and sinking if material is deposited.
•the vertical positioning of the crust so that gravitational and buoyant forces balance one
another.
•Low-density crust floats on the denser underlying mantle. - ANS-isostasy
the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle. - ANS-
lithosphere
the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively
low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur. - ANS-asthenosphere
The lower mantle is the lower liquid portion of the mantle ranging from 400 miles below
the surface to about 1,800 miles below the surface. The lower mantle is incredibly large
and takes up most of the volume of the earth. Being so deep inside the earth, the
temperature and pressure of the lower mantle are extremely high. - ANS-lower mantle
The Outer Core is the second to last layer of the Earth. It is a magma like liquid layer
that surrounds the Inner Core and creates Earth's magnetic field. - ANS-outer core
Earth's solid-metal inner core is a key component of the planet, helping to give rise to
the magnetic field that protects us from harmful space radiation
composed of four layers, three solid and one liquid—not magma but molten metal,
nearly as hot as the surface of the sun. The deepest layer is a solid iron ball, about
1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) in diameter - ANS-inner core
, -An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one
another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane.
-The plate boundaries are made up of many faults, and most of the earthquakes around
the world occur on these faults. Since the edges of the plates are rough, they get stuck
while the rest of the plate keeps moving. Finally, when the plate has moved far enough,
the edges unstick on one of the faults and there is an earthquake.
- Earthquakes release stored elastic energy.Energy radiates outward in all
directions.Energy travels in the form of seismic waves, which cause the ground to shake
and vibrate. - ANS-what is an earthquake
-The theory of continental drift is most associated with the scientist Alfred Wegener. In
the early 20th century, Wegener published a paper explaining his theory that the
continental landmasses were "drifting" across the Earth, sometimes plowing through
oceans and into each other.
- The gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological
time.
- Continental drift hypothesis: The world's continents are in motion and have been
drifting apart into different configurations over geologic time. Proposed that the
continents were at one time joined together to form the supercontinent of Pangaea—
"universal land" - ANS-continental drift
Harry Hess's hypothesis of seafloor spreading provided the mechanism for continental
drift.
•The seafloor is not permanent; it is constantly being renewed.
•Midocean ridges are sites of new lithosphere formation.
•Oceanic trenches are sites of lithosphere destruction (subduction).
•Seafloor spreading is supported by magnetic studies of the ocean floor.
•Lava erupted at the midocean ridges is rich in iron.
•Magnetite crystals in lava align themselves to Earth's magnetic field.
•Earth's magnetic poles flip—the north and south poles exchange positions. This is
known as magnetic reversal. - ANS-seafloor spreading
-Ocean trenches are steep depressions in the deepest parts of the ocean [where old
ocean crust from one tectonic plate is pushed beneath another plate, raising mountains,
causing earthquakes, and forming volcanoes on the seafloor and on land.
-Some ocean trenches contain hydrothermal vents, which are cracks in the crust often
associated with tectonic activity - ANS-ocean trenches
The hot magma at the ridge erupts as lava that forms new seafloor. When the lava
cools, the magnetite crystals take on the current magnetic polarity. As more lava erupts,
it pushes the seafloor horizontally away from ridge axis. - ANS-magma (seafloor
spreading)
Seafloor spreading is just one part of plate tectonics. Subduction is another. Subduction
happens where tectonic plates crash into each other instead of spreading apart. At
thin and cool overall but divided into basaltic oceanic crust and granitic continental
crust. - ANS-Earths crust
thick and consists of hot rock rich in silicon and oxygen—like the crust, except the
mantle contains more magnesium, iron, and calcium. - ANS-The mantle
composed of scorching hot metal, mostly iron with some nickel. - ANS-The core
•Earth was molten when it was a young planet, due to collisions with space debris.
•Denser elements were able to sink toward Earth's center when the planet was fluid.
This is the process of differentiation.
As a result of differentiation, Earth is layered according to density and therefore also
according to composition - ANS-Differentiation
the equilibrium that exists between parts of the earth's crust, which behaves as if it
consists of blocks floating on the underlying mantle, rising if material (such as an ice
cap) is removed and sinking if material is deposited.
•the vertical positioning of the crust so that gravitational and buoyant forces balance one
another.
•Low-density crust floats on the denser underlying mantle. - ANS-isostasy
the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle. - ANS-
lithosphere
the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively
low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur. - ANS-asthenosphere
The lower mantle is the lower liquid portion of the mantle ranging from 400 miles below
the surface to about 1,800 miles below the surface. The lower mantle is incredibly large
and takes up most of the volume of the earth. Being so deep inside the earth, the
temperature and pressure of the lower mantle are extremely high. - ANS-lower mantle
The Outer Core is the second to last layer of the Earth. It is a magma like liquid layer
that surrounds the Inner Core and creates Earth's magnetic field. - ANS-outer core
Earth's solid-metal inner core is a key component of the planet, helping to give rise to
the magnetic field that protects us from harmful space radiation
composed of four layers, three solid and one liquid—not magma but molten metal,
nearly as hot as the surface of the sun. The deepest layer is a solid iron ball, about
1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) in diameter - ANS-inner core
, -An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one
another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane.
-The plate boundaries are made up of many faults, and most of the earthquakes around
the world occur on these faults. Since the edges of the plates are rough, they get stuck
while the rest of the plate keeps moving. Finally, when the plate has moved far enough,
the edges unstick on one of the faults and there is an earthquake.
- Earthquakes release stored elastic energy.Energy radiates outward in all
directions.Energy travels in the form of seismic waves, which cause the ground to shake
and vibrate. - ANS-what is an earthquake
-The theory of continental drift is most associated with the scientist Alfred Wegener. In
the early 20th century, Wegener published a paper explaining his theory that the
continental landmasses were "drifting" across the Earth, sometimes plowing through
oceans and into each other.
- The gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological
time.
- Continental drift hypothesis: The world's continents are in motion and have been
drifting apart into different configurations over geologic time. Proposed that the
continents were at one time joined together to form the supercontinent of Pangaea—
"universal land" - ANS-continental drift
Harry Hess's hypothesis of seafloor spreading provided the mechanism for continental
drift.
•The seafloor is not permanent; it is constantly being renewed.
•Midocean ridges are sites of new lithosphere formation.
•Oceanic trenches are sites of lithosphere destruction (subduction).
•Seafloor spreading is supported by magnetic studies of the ocean floor.
•Lava erupted at the midocean ridges is rich in iron.
•Magnetite crystals in lava align themselves to Earth's magnetic field.
•Earth's magnetic poles flip—the north and south poles exchange positions. This is
known as magnetic reversal. - ANS-seafloor spreading
-Ocean trenches are steep depressions in the deepest parts of the ocean [where old
ocean crust from one tectonic plate is pushed beneath another plate, raising mountains,
causing earthquakes, and forming volcanoes on the seafloor and on land.
-Some ocean trenches contain hydrothermal vents, which are cracks in the crust often
associated with tectonic activity - ANS-ocean trenches
The hot magma at the ridge erupts as lava that forms new seafloor. When the lava
cools, the magnetite crystals take on the current magnetic polarity. As more lava erupts,
it pushes the seafloor horizontally away from ridge axis. - ANS-magma (seafloor
spreading)
Seafloor spreading is just one part of plate tectonics. Subduction is another. Subduction
happens where tectonic plates crash into each other instead of spreading apart. At
