what is the "normal" range of pH for urine
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can range from 4.6-8
anything higher than 9 is too high and indicative of an old specimen, need
to recollect
acid urine that contains hemoglobin will darken upon standing due to:
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methemoglobin
,what cuases glucose to be in the urine
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-Dependent on glucose in plasma, rate of glomerular filtration, and degree
of tubular reabsorption
-renal threshold is 160-180mg/dL so not usually present unless blood
glucose greater than this
-Causes: hyperglycemia and disorder of renal tubular absorption
how are ketones detected on a reagent strip?
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Acetoacetic acid (and acetone) + sodium nitroprusside + glycine in an
alkaline medium → purple
urine clarity reporting
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-Clear:No visible particulates, transparent
-Hazy: Few particulates, print easily seen through urine
-Cloudy:Many particulates, print blurred through urine
-Turbid: Print cannot be seen through urine-may be precipitated clotted
normal range for specific gravity
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-Normal Range: 1.003-1.035 (water is 1.000) for random
-Normal range for 24- hour is 1.015-1.025
what causes a thick bright orange pigment of urine?
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-Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) or azo-gantrisin for urinary tract infection
-This pigment is very noticeable, obscures natural color, and interferes with
reagent strips
what causes blue/green urine
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-Urinary and intestinal bacterial infections are the pathogenic cause;
Urinary - Pseudomonas infection
-Purple: from catheters when colonized with bacteria producing indirubin
-Methylene blue (Urinary antiseptic)
what can cause a false neg LE
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-High specific gravity and in urines containing glucose and protein: WBCs
crenate and cannot release esterase
-Ascorbic acid
-Cephalexin / Cephalothin
, -Gentamicin
-Tetracycline
-Inaccurate timing : must have 2 minutes time when read visually
What is the glomerulus?
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the capillary tuft formed from the afferent arterioles (within the Bowman
capsule)
Polyuria
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is an abnormal increase in the volume of urine (> 2500 ml), as in diabetes
insipidus and diabetes mellitus.
how is urine bilirubin formed
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-Urine bilirubin early indicator of liver disease
-Formed from hemoglobin degradation
-Bound to albumin and transported through the blood to the liver.
-Unconjugated bilirubin is insoluble in water and cannot be filtered through
the glomerulus.
-Conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver to form bilirubin.
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can range from 4.6-8
anything higher than 9 is too high and indicative of an old specimen, need
to recollect
acid urine that contains hemoglobin will darken upon standing due to:
Give this one a try later!
methemoglobin
,what cuases glucose to be in the urine
Give this one a try later!
-Dependent on glucose in plasma, rate of glomerular filtration, and degree
of tubular reabsorption
-renal threshold is 160-180mg/dL so not usually present unless blood
glucose greater than this
-Causes: hyperglycemia and disorder of renal tubular absorption
how are ketones detected on a reagent strip?
Give this one a try later!
Acetoacetic acid (and acetone) + sodium nitroprusside + glycine in an
alkaline medium → purple
urine clarity reporting
Give this one a try later!
-Clear:No visible particulates, transparent
-Hazy: Few particulates, print easily seen through urine
-Cloudy:Many particulates, print blurred through urine
-Turbid: Print cannot be seen through urine-may be precipitated clotted
normal range for specific gravity
,Give this one a try later!
-Normal Range: 1.003-1.035 (water is 1.000) for random
-Normal range for 24- hour is 1.015-1.025
what causes a thick bright orange pigment of urine?
Give this one a try later!
-Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) or azo-gantrisin for urinary tract infection
-This pigment is very noticeable, obscures natural color, and interferes with
reagent strips
what causes blue/green urine
Give this one a try later!
-Urinary and intestinal bacterial infections are the pathogenic cause;
Urinary - Pseudomonas infection
-Purple: from catheters when colonized with bacteria producing indirubin
-Methylene blue (Urinary antiseptic)
what can cause a false neg LE
Give this one a try later!
-High specific gravity and in urines containing glucose and protein: WBCs
crenate and cannot release esterase
-Ascorbic acid
-Cephalexin / Cephalothin
, -Gentamicin
-Tetracycline
-Inaccurate timing : must have 2 minutes time when read visually
What is the glomerulus?
Give this one a try later!
the capillary tuft formed from the afferent arterioles (within the Bowman
capsule)
Polyuria
Give this one a try later!
is an abnormal increase in the volume of urine (> 2500 ml), as in diabetes
insipidus and diabetes mellitus.
how is urine bilirubin formed
Give this one a try later!
-Urine bilirubin early indicator of liver disease
-Formed from hemoglobin degradation
-Bound to albumin and transported through the blood to the liver.
-Unconjugated bilirubin is insoluble in water and cannot be filtered through
the glomerulus.
-Conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver to form bilirubin.
