MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION TEST
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS FULLY
VERIFIED
●● Difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative Cell wall
Answer: Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and
retain the crystal violet stain, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin
peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, losing the crystal violet
stain.
●● General structure of viruses
Answer: Viruses consist of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded
by a protein coat called a capsid; some have an outer lipid envelope.
●● Recombinant DNA technology
Answer: A method used to combine DNA from different sources to
create new genetic combinations for research, medicine, or agriculture.
●● Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Answer: A technique used to amplify small segments of DNA, creating
millions of copies for analysis.
, ●● Terminology of Microbial control
Answer: Includes terms such as sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, and
sanitation, which describe methods to eliminate or reduce microbial
populations.
●● Epidemiological terms
Answer: Endemic refers to a disease regularly found in a particular area,
epidemic refers to a sudden increase in cases, and pandemic refers to a
global spread of a disease.
●● Calculations of dilutions and concentrations
Answer: Involves determining the concentration of a solution by diluting
a stock solution to achieve a desired concentration.
●● Cell wall antibiotics
Answer: Antibiotics such as penicillin, methicillin, and vancomycin that
target bacterial cell wall synthesis.
●● Quinolones
Answer: A class of antibiotics, including Ciprofloxacin, that inhibit
bacterial DNA gyrase, preventing DNA replication.
●● Antimetabolites
COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION TEST
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS FULLY
VERIFIED
●● Difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative Cell wall
Answer: Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and
retain the crystal violet stain, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin
peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, losing the crystal violet
stain.
●● General structure of viruses
Answer: Viruses consist of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded
by a protein coat called a capsid; some have an outer lipid envelope.
●● Recombinant DNA technology
Answer: A method used to combine DNA from different sources to
create new genetic combinations for research, medicine, or agriculture.
●● Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Answer: A technique used to amplify small segments of DNA, creating
millions of copies for analysis.
, ●● Terminology of Microbial control
Answer: Includes terms such as sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, and
sanitation, which describe methods to eliminate or reduce microbial
populations.
●● Epidemiological terms
Answer: Endemic refers to a disease regularly found in a particular area,
epidemic refers to a sudden increase in cases, and pandemic refers to a
global spread of a disease.
●● Calculations of dilutions and concentrations
Answer: Involves determining the concentration of a solution by diluting
a stock solution to achieve a desired concentration.
●● Cell wall antibiotics
Answer: Antibiotics such as penicillin, methicillin, and vancomycin that
target bacterial cell wall synthesis.
●● Quinolones
Answer: A class of antibiotics, including Ciprofloxacin, that inhibit
bacterial DNA gyrase, preventing DNA replication.
●● Antimetabolites
